Frequency modulation

Data communication refers to the transmission of electronic information over shared communication mediums. This transmission can be generated from electronic sources such as computers, phones, cameras and even audio sources such as speakers. Due to the various types of sources from which data is derived, each source requires a mechanism that gathers and prepares the data for transmission. This may include digitizing data, or encoding to ensure the privacy of the data during transmission. This

Light has 10000 times wider bandwidth than radio frequency so the capacity of data transfer will be better than that of Wi-Fi. • Instead of using radio wave, Li-Fi uses visible light for communication. • Data transmission through Li-Fi is very cheap as LED uses very less amount of energy. • Security of a Li-Fi network is much better because the light cannot penetrate the walls so no one can misuse the network. • The shortage issue of radio frequency bandwidth may be solved by using Li-Fi. • Using

the reception of diversity with coherent modulation. As in EGC the diversity branches are combined with equal gain but they have conjugate phase. The structure of equal gain combining is shown as below: 5.3 SELECTION COMBINING: Selection combining is used fir very high frequency and ultra high frequency as maximum ratio combing and equal gain combing is not suitable to work under these high frequencies because tracking performance is not easy in a frequency changing or multipath fading. A simple

3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF MODULATION STRATEGIES The modulation methods used in multilevel inverters can be classified according to the switching frequency was discussed in Rodriguez et al (2002), Celanovic and Boroyevic (2001) and Rodriguez et al (2001). Modulation techniques that work with high switching frequencies have many commutations for the power semiconductors in a cycle of the fundamental output voltage. Multilevel inverters generate sinusoidal voltages from discrete voltage levels

Introduction: RFID is one of the most important technology in the world, where in our daily life we use it frequently and also it reduces our effort and work very much. This is very easy to establish and use as it contains only a small tag which has small space to store data with a small antenna which transmits the signals from the tag to the reader. There is a reader where it scans the tags and find out the information present in the tag find outs the pulls the relevant information from the back

ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL 1.1 Analog signal An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analog to another time varying signal. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous voltage of the signal varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves. It differs from a digital signal, in which a continuous quantity is represented

entropy method obtains the desired peak to average power ratio reduction with low computational complexity. The partial transmit sequence (PTS) technique has received much attention in reducing the high peak to average power ratio of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signals. However, the PTS technique requires an exhaustive search of all combinations of the allowed phase factors and the search

Voltage Sag Mitigation using Dynamic Voltage Restorer Vijay S. Karale1 Dept. of Electrical Engineering Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engineering Shegaon, Dist-Buldhana, 444203 vijayskarale@gmail.com Saurabh S. Jadhao2 Asst. Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engineering Shegaon, Dist-Buldhana, 444203 ssjadhao@gmail.com Abstract— Voltage sag is the power quality event that occurs due to different kind of short circuit fault and the switching

Simple Boost Control In this method three modulating signals ( mR for R-phase, mY for Y-phase, mB for B-phase) with 120 degree phase shift when compared with high frequency carrier triangular signal it generates switching pulse.

used. MIMO antenna configuration is requires in spatial multiplexing. In spatial multiplexing the high rate signal is divide into low rate signals and each individual stream is transmitted from different transmit antenna which is having the same frequency channel. Spatial multiplexing is technique which is capable of increasing channel capacity at higher signal to noise