Functional groups

Humic substances are commonly described as heterogeneous compounds contain many functional groups and they can be viewed as polyfunctional ligands. Oxygen-containing functional groups are the most abundant and are ultimately the most important for binding metal ions (Logan et al., 1997). The presences of functional group in organic compounds that have unshared pairs of electrons, and that can form coordinate linkages with metal ions (Fig.3) are in the order of decreasing affinity of organic groupings

Gladding Guidelines for Group Strategies In the movie “12 Angry Men” the forming of group is for 12 men to decide the fate of young boy who is charged with murdering his father. The beginning stages of forming a group involve nurturing your group to avoid chaos. Functional groups will go through developmental stages while forming (Gladding, 2016). Forming A majority of the 12 men in the group are higher class business men. The men were Caucasian and seemed America, except for one. They are put

So, we can say that butane and isobutane are structural isomers. !!!Types of Structural Isomers and Examples Now that we know what structural isomers mean, let’s discuss the different types of structural isomers. These are chain isomers, functional group isomers and positional isomers. !!Chain Isomers __Chain isomers__ are a type of structural isomers that differ in terms of the branches in their carbon chains. For chain isomers, we can imagine removing one carbon and its attachments in a

to the impurities. For further conformation of the purity of experimental benzil, the infrared spectroscopy was observed. . The following functional groups were determined on the infrared spectroscopy according to their corresponding wavenumbers: aromatic, sp2 C-H bonds, and C=O/carbonyl group (Table 4). Benzil incorporates all of the above functional groups. The melting and infrared spectroscopy confirmed that the final product created was Benzil. In the following reaction, benzil was rearranged

Introduction The ester that was developed throughout the entire lab is known as methyl cinnamate. Methyl cinnamate is an ester that is created when cinnamic acid is mixed with methanol and sulfuric acid (see Scheme 1). Around the world, methyl cinnamate is found in a variety of plants and fruits such as strawberry or cinnamon. The plant most used to collect higher concentrations of methyl cinnamate is the Eucalyptus olida with a concentration of 98%. Due to the fact that the ester comes from a cinnamic

Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope instruments. Based on the results, the functional group appearing for treated and commercial glycerol is the hydroxyl, aromatic methoxyl, alkenes, soap, carbonyl and alcohol group. The hydroxyl group which is O-H appeared at a spectra value of 3394.2700 cm-1for the treated glycerol and 3299.9600 cm-1 for the commercial group. Respectively. From the analysis of SEM for bead, it was found that majority of pores fall within range and

molar hydrochloric acid was added, which immediately formed two layers, the top acidic aqueous layer was clear in color and contained benzocaine, and the bottom organic formed was yellow and contained benzoic acid and 9-fluorenone. Benzocaine’s amino group is protonated by the aqueous layer hydronium. This protonation forms the conjugate acid of benzocaine, benzocaine hydrochloride. Thus, the conjugate acid, benzocaine hydrochloride is a salt in which is soluble in water and furthermore can be isolated

oxygen. This makes the compound more electrophilic, meaning that it has a higher affinity for electrons. This is what sets off the reaction. The salicylic acid then acts as an alcohol and attaches its OH group onto a carbon on the acetic anhydride. Then, the hydrogen from the OH group (the alcohol group) of the salicylic acid falls off, forming a tetrahedral intermediate, and the hydrogen ion reassociates with the conjugate base of the acid used as the catalyst. Next, the hydrogen that came from the

(ethyl vanillin). This increase in polarity is due to the extra alcohol group in the ethyl vanillin alcohol and the smaller Rf value also indicates it is more polar and pure than the ethyl vanillin. 3. The IR spectrum of the starting material shows a medium/strong C-O bond at around 1500cm-1, also the starting material shows a strong C-H bond at around 3000cm-1 and another medium C-H bond at 2865cm-1 indicating an aldehyde group whereas the product does not. The IR spectrum of the product shows a

solutions iii. Alkylation reagents are widely available iv. They are wither strong basic or acidic in nature. Disadvantages 1. They are only limited to acid hydroxyl groups and amines 2. The reagents used are mostly toxic Alkylating agents and how they act. a. Boron trichloride in methanol or chloroethanol: an acidic hydrogen group undergoes esterification in the presence of boron trichloride an ester derivative. Acid BCl3 RCOOH + ClCH2CH2OH → RCOOCH2CH2Cl + H2O b. Tetra-butyl-ammonium hydroxide