Grutter v. Bollinger

Introduction Known as one of the biggest obstacles in higher education to date would arguably be the use of affirmative action within the higher education admission process for both private and public institutions (Kaplin & Lee, 2014; Wang & Shulruf, 2012). The focus of current research is an attempt to either justify or deny the use of affirmative action within current practices through various higher education institutions, and though any one person could potentially be swayed to side with

Affirmative Action has had a very tumultuous 54-year history. Affirmative action was a strategy that forged the Civil Rights Movement in response to the prejudiced approach toward African American citizens in the United States. The policy advocates that black citizens in particular conditions to avoid the unfairness they would usually receive. To try and explain why the methods and laws needed to be adjusted to be equal for everyone. It is essential to realize that 20 Africans came to America in

The 1960s were unmistakably some of the tensest times for race relations in American history. During these times, the Civil Rights movement was at its peak. This was an era that saw Blacks in America truly begin to demand equal rights, doing so by organizing across the country in efforts to pressure government officials to implement progressive legislation. Through a collaborative effort with Dr. Martin Luther King, President Kennedy crafted his 1961 Executive Order 10925—Establishing The President’s

n the founding years of America, there has been a struggle for justice amongst treatment of the nation. Equality has been the belief that people of all race, gender, or sexual orientation are created equal, without preference to some groups, until the day that preference to race and gender began to occur within the education frontier. In the hopes of improving chances of like-minded individuals who experienced direct discrimination, Universities were obliged to improve educational opportunities of

which is similar to Everson v. Board of Education, is Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn. The taxpayers of Arizona were challenging the fact that a state law was providing tax credits to those who were donating to school tuition organizations in order for the schools to provide scholarships to those attending private/religious schools. The claim was that this was a violation of the Establishment Clause (Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn, 2016.), which is the

Race-based affirmative action has been challenged by a great deal of objection during the course of it duration. According to its opponents, Affirmative action proves to be inconsistent. Affirmative action based on race increases race consciousness instead of supporting color-blind justice. By giving people special consideration to ensure equality, it contributes to inequality. The constitution of the United States calls for equal treatment, therefore, allowing racial consideration poses a contradiction

based on the result of two court cases Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger in which the three students that challenged the University of Michigan's Law School for denying their admission application; the school used different subject factors in making admission decisions with racial and ethnic minority applicants being favorable as it helped the school's mission of student diversity. Grutter v. Bollinger In 2003 a white Michigan

in violation of the Constitution. Several court cases have set a precedent for universities using affirmative action programs in their admissions process to create a diverse class, such as Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003). In addition, there is little basis for the claim that Harvard holds Asian Americans to higher standards. The Supreme Court has set a precedent for approving race-based affirmative action policies in lawsuits. In most cases

influenced Americans in many ways; however, among the most notable are the cases of New Jersey v. T.L.O which allows academic institutions to be kept safe through the students’ reduced expectancy of privacy, Grutter v. Bollinger which gives schools the ability to bask in the educational opportunities created by racial diversity, and Engel v. Vitale which creates a reassuring ecclesiastical separation

The world is filled different cultures, races and ethnicities, and it is crucial that our higher education institutions reflect this diversity. Representation matters. We are a country filled with diverse cultures all of which whom need to be represented. The purpose of this literature review is to explain why and how diversity in a higher education setting is important. Students learn better in such an environment and are better prepared to become active participants in our pluralistic, democratic