Halobacteria

Halophiles have been commercially significant for centuries, with the earliest recorded case being that of ancient China and Middle East, where reddening of solar salterns as a result of growth of halophilic microorganisms was used as a biomarker of successful salt production (DasSarma et. al 2009). Today the role of halophilic organisms in salt production has evolved to facilitate rapid evaporation of salt crystals due to increased absorbance of light by their red-purple pigments. The purple membrane

The primary depicted part is the halocin family made by halobacteria, and few halocins have been portrayed in detail. The main haolocin discovered, S8, is a short hydrophobic peptide of 36 amino acids, which is taken care of from an altogether greater star protein of 34 kDa. S8 is encoded on a uber plasmid and is

Brief Genetic History of the Kingdoms Many biologists segregate prokaryotes into kingdom Bacteria and Archaea. There are three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Biologists have inferred that the three domains are the three divisions of life. Some biologists continue to evaluate the origin and relationships of the domains. They have found that evolution is not always linear. Among the course of evolution, genes are passed down ‘vertically’ and swapped laterally from one generation to another

and they are also single celled. Prokaryotes contain circular DNA which is held in the nucleoid because they lack a nucleus. The specific organisms that have circular DNA are: mitochondrial, bacterial (eubacteria), and Archaea (Methanobacteria, Halobacteria, and sulfobacteria). Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles because they have no organelles. Their ribosomal subunits are 50S and 30S which come to equal 70S, and their plasma membrane does not contain sterols. In prokaryotes, there is one

Optogenetic Activation and/or Inhibition of Neurons The topic of optogenetics is one of vast and exciting proportions. In short, it is an emerging science that combines both genetics and optics to affect neuron action. By using light to activate certain neurons, we can see the kind of behavior they normally exhibit and thereby assess their impact on brain processing. Conversely inhibition of these same neurons can inform us of what the neurons are necessary for. This ability to activate or inactivate

Describe, using named examples and annotated diagrams where appropriate, membrane-bound nucleus and organelles within eukaryotes cells; explain evolutionary advantages of intracellular compartmentalization. Living cells are the functional biological building blocks of animals. They come together to form complex organic tissues, organs, and whole bodies, as well as some of these organisms themselves existing in a unicellular form. Cells vary in size and dimension, with Eukaryotes ranging from 1x10-3m

INTRODUCTION Radiations are energy in the form of waves or particles. They are of two forms, ionizing radiations and non-ionizing radiations. Ionizing radiations are radiations of short wavelength and high energy which causes atoms to ionize. Examples of ionizing radiations includes: x-rays, gamma rays, ultra violet radiation. Non-ionizing radiations are radiations of long wavelengths and low energy. Examples of non ionizing radiations includes infra-red rays and visible lights e.t.c Effects of ionizing