Hemicellulose

Application of Cellulases on Juice Recovery Introduction Cellulose is the most abundant compound produced from stalks, leaves, and stems (Shankar, 2011). The use of enzymes in the food industry provides safer and higher quality products. Cellulases are enzymes which break down the sugar cellulose. Cellulase enzymes are produced by fungi, animals, plants, and bacteria. (Zhang 2013) The cellulase enzyme has been used for various industry applications such as the textile industry, paper industry, and

Abstract A composite is a structural material that consists of two or more combined constituents that are combined at a macroscopic level and are not soluble in each other. One constituent is called the reinforcing phase and the one in which it is embedded is called the matrix . The reinforcing phase material may be in the form of fibers, particles, or flakes. The matrix phase materials are generally continuous. Examples of composite systems include concrete reinforced with steel and epoxy reinforced

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Composite materials are the engineering materials made from two or more constituent materials they remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level but forming a single component or Composites can defined as materials that consist of two more chemically and physically different phases separated by a distinct interface(matrix phase and dispersed phase). The different systems are combined judiciously to achieve a component with more and more useful structural or functional

1-INTRODUCTION There is an increasing energy demands worldwide towards the exploitation of renewable resources from agricultural and forest remnant. The major components of these remains are cellulose, lignin and pectin. These materials have paid more interest as an alternative feedstock and energy source, since they are abundantly obtainable. Large quantities of wastes are produced every year from the industrial treatment of agricultural raw materials. Most of these wastes are used as animal feed

embedded in a biopolymer structural matrix including hemicelluloses (20-35% of dry wt.) and lignin (5-30% of dry wt.) (Lynd et al., 2002), with other biochemicals such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins comprising a much smaller portion of plant tissues (Martinez et al., 2005). The lignocellulosic component of the plant undergoes self-assembly at the site of biosynthesis and is composed of randomly polymerized polyphenolics intertwined with hemicellulose, resulting in a hydrophobic crystalline or complex

Abstract The animals (like ruminants, pseudo-ruminants and non ruminant herbivores) fed primarily on plant based feeds have a limitation in hydrolyzing lignocellulose and result in synthesis of higher methane in the gastro-intestinal tract of animals. During fermentation of these feeds to volatile fatty acids, which serve as an energy source for the animals, hydrogen and carbon dioxide are produced as by-products which get converted to methane. The diversification of the rumen/stomach contents by

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Composite materials are the engineering materials made from two or more constituent materials they remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level but forming a single component or Composites can defined as materials that consist of two more chemically and physically different phases separated by a distinct interface(matrix phase and dispersed phase). The different systems are combined judiciously to achieve a component with more and more useful structural or functional

Composite materials (also called composition materials or shortened to composites) are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties, that when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for many reasons: common examples include materials which are stronger, lighter

the metallic equipment that comes in contact with the acid. Recently, some industrial companies have shown interest in the development of efficient enzymatic processes to be used instead of acid hydrolysis in the treatment of material containing hemicellulose. Commercial xylanases are industrially produced, for example, in Japan, Finland, Germany, Republic of Ireland, Denmark, Canada and the USA. The microorganisms used to obtain these enzymes are Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma sp. and Humicola insolens

What can replace conventional fossil fuel? Aviation industry has been booming over the couple of years. This would mean that the usage of fossil fuels to power the airplanes is increasing annually. Using rough calculations, it is shown that there are over 100, 000 flights flown everyday [1] . To get a clearer picture on the usage of fossil fuels used, let’s assume every usage of flight consumes 10,000 litres of jet fuel per day, so approximately 1 billion litres of fuel would be consumed. Over the