Hemicellulose

Ethanol is a green renewable energy that produces from lignocellulosic materials. In the process, rice straw and corn straw required the physical pretreatment, chemical pretreatment at 100oC for 2 hours, and consequently with cellulase hydrolysis at pH 4.8, 42oC. Therefore, the concentration of 2 - 4 %(v/v) of HCl and H2SO4 were applied. Moreover, the 4 %(v/v) of HCl solution released the highest amounts of total sugar, glucose, and xylose. The corn straw produced the total sugar at 61.43 g/L while

E 4. Oxidative Enzymes for Lignin Removal Lignin is composed of non-phenolic and phenolic structures. White-rot basidiomycetes such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes versicolor, Trametes Trogii, Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes, Irpex lacteus, Fomes fomentarius and Cerrena maxima have been found to be the most efficient lignin-degrading microorganisms studied. It has been reported that lignin degrading fungi secreted enzymes collectively termed “ligninases” (Figure 2). These include two

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Composite materials are the engineering materials made from two or more constituent materials they remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level but forming a single component or Composites can defined as materials that consist of two more chemically and physically different phases separated by a distinct interface(matrix phase and dispersed phase). The different systems are combined judiciously to achieve a component with more and more useful structural or functional

fine, fine, and extra fine) [10]. The desired size in percolation in industrial level would be around 1.4–1.5 mm as referred to regular grinding in some text. The particle size will be also considered after dehydration since it is important for solubility and other aspects. 3. Brewing Brewing or sometimes referred to as percolation is the infusion of hot water in the ground coffee to extract the aromatic and organic compounds from the coffee ground at approximately 100 °C and 101.3 kPa. Similar

(5 pts) 1. Describe the pressure-flow model of translocation in the phloem. Does water move down its water potential gradient in this model? (4-5 sentences max.) The flow is driven by an osmotically generated pressure gradient between the source and the sink. The translocation pathway has cross walls that allow water to move between the xylem and phloem. At the source phloem loading causes high solute concentrations. Pressure decreases, so water flows into the cells increasing pressure. At the

Mushrooms were known and consumed as food in ceremonies as far back as prehistoric times. Throughout the history, mushrooms were used in different cultures for their medicinal and tonic properties (Gunde-Cimerman, 1999). The longest tradition of using edible mushrooms for medicinal purposes is in China. Mushrooms represent a major and as yet largely untapped source of powerful new pharmaceutical products. The most significant medicinal effect of mushrooms and their metabolites that attracted the

Time released supplements are dissolved slowly and deliver a steady amount of vitamins over a period of time. Sustained release has a longer half-life and produces stable levels of the vitamin throughout the day (Cascade, Kalali, & Weisler, 2008). They are enteric coated, which protects them from being digested in the stomach. They contain tiny pellets of the vitamin, each individually coated so that their contents are steadily released overtime (United States Pharmacopeia, 2012). Extended release

Cameron T. Cummings CSS-222 Dr. M. Sticklen 11-29-14 Biotechnological Applications in Plant Science The field of plant biology has gone through a rebirth in recent decades. Advances in synthetic biology, recombinant DNA technologies, and molecular biology have brought new applications and possibilities to this field. The study of plants has evolved from scientific research into understanding biological mechanisms, to engineering plants to benefit mankind. Engineering of plants has great potential

expression. Mitochondria – The powerhouse of the cell – mitochondria generate most of the cell’s supply of adenosine triphosphate which is a source of chemical energy. Cell Wall – In plant cells, the cell wall is primarily made of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin and is important for the structure and protection of the cell. Chloroplasts – The organelle that is most involved with photosynthesis – the conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy or “food” for the plant. The photosynthetic

The above feeds were chosen for comparison mainly due to their possession of high fibre. Baileys Speedi-beet was chosen because sugar beet is known as a super fibre – this is because it is high in fermentable fibre and easily digested by the horse (Barastoc, 2013). It has a much higher digestible energy content than typical forages such as hay, but also a higher digestible energy content than all of the other feeds in Table 1 (above). Starch values were not available for this feed. Fibre is an important