Hepatology

Cholelithiasis also knows as gallstones occurs in the gallbladder, the function of the gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile. Cholelithiasis occurs when the balance that keeps cholesterol, calcium, bile salts solution is altered. The bile secreted by the liver is supersaturated with cholesterol therefore it come out as a solid. Immobility, pregnancy and inflammation or obstructive lesions of the biliary system decreases bile flow. The stones may stay in the gallbladder or move to the cystic

The prevalence of gallstones varies with the geographical region. In the western world, the rates range from approximately 8% in men to 16% in women.3 The typical course of cholelithiasis often begins as asymptomatic gallstones found incidentally on imaging studies. However, 2% of asymptomatic patients become symptomatic per year.8 Biliary colic is the most common symptom to manifest and approximately 20-40% of patients have recurring pain.8 Asymptomatic patients who have calcified gallbladders

Diagnosis: creating pictures of the Gallbladder- recommend an abdominal ultrasound and/or a (CT) computerized tomography scan to produce pictures of your gallbladder. These images are then analyzed for the signs of gallstones. Blood test to look for complications: the blood test may reveal jaundice, an infection, pancreatitis or other complications caused by Gallstone. The organ system affected: The organ system that the disease Gallstone affects is the digestive system. Gallstone affects the Gallbladder

Cholelithiasis is the medical term for gallstones. The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ situated in the upper part of the right abdomen below the liver. Gallstones are solid particles that build up in the gallbladder. The size of gallstones can range in size from that of sand grain to that of a golf ball. There may be a single large stone or several small and large stones of different sizes in the gallbladder. Approximately 10-15% of the adult population in the west is known to develop gall

Worst Leadership Experience My worst leadership experience occurred in a hospital when my mother was hospitalized in Bangkok for her liver transplantation in 2009. Due to liver failure, my mother felt breathless even after walking a short distance and tired after talking continuously just for a few minutes. As the eldest in the family, I had to take the leadership role by taking all the responsibilities of seeing out my mother’s various medical investigations in the hospital. Liver transplant

The human liver is one of the most important organs in the human body. It has over 500 functions and is able to regenerate its cells. The liver, being an important part of the digestive system, functions to digest fats, filter drugs and poisons, store nutrients like vitamin A,D,E,K, and B12, secrete bile, and remove excess glucose from the body and store it until it is needed. Other functions of the liver include synthesizing proteins, production and regulation of chemicals such as globin (one

Case study: Acute liver failure from fungal toxins. INTRODUCTION A 20-year old male presented to the hospital with: nausea; diarrhoea and fever. Upon examination he had abdominal pain and a tender liver. The patient admitted to eating wild mushrooms, of which he had collected himself, the afternoon before attending the hospital. Laboratory analysis at the time of admission revealed elevated serum ALT (665 U/L) and AST (880 U/L), increased total bilirubin (4.9mg/dL) and an increased prothrombin time

3.1.3. Tests the ability of liver to biosynthesis 3.1.3.1. Serum proteins test The main source of the serum proteins is the liver. Parenchymal cells are main cells responsible for create of clotting factors, albumin, and fibrinogen. Albumin is the most significant amount of protein in the plasma formation by the liver and is a useful indicator of liver function, because the half-life of the albumin in serum is much than (20 days), and the level of serum albumin is not a reliable indicator of protein

INDICATIONS FOR LIVER BIOPSY Liver biopsy and histological assessment of the liver has now taken on an important role in clinical management. Therefore liver biopsy currently has two major roles: (A) Diagnostic purposes: Liver biopsy is helpful in diagnosis of many forms of liver disease such as acute and chronic hepatitis (Wilson disease, alpha-1-antitrypsin disease, glycogen storage diseases, AIH, NiemannPick disease and others), cholestatic disorders, fatty liver disease, vascular diseases

to the fact that the majority of the NHS funding originates from the working age living in the UK, paying tax, the taxation increases consequently. Thereby, each sector within the country is then free to decide where these funds are used. Taxation is not the only way in which the NHS receives its funds. In England, appropriate patients must pay a prescription fee, which can cost up to £7.20 per item. Key statistics show that, “In 2010/11, England raised £450m through the prescription charge” (Department