Husayn ibn Ali

Muhammad and Quranic doctrine to justify such actions. The first Fitna or civil war among Muslims may have been the Battle of Camel in 656 in which Caliph Ali b. Abi Talib and his supports from Kufa faced off against Al-Zubayr b. Awwam, the prophet’s widow Aisha and Talha b. Ubayd Allah near Basra. The latter sought to eliminate the threat of Ali to the continuation of Quraysh rule after Uthman’s assassination. While this dissenting coalition in favor of Al-Zubayr was reactionary to Ali’s rule after

according to Quran that is the rightful way of selection that includes the consensus of the majority votes. But the admirers of Ali(RA), who was the son in law of the Prophet Muhammad, protested and believed that the Prophet(PBUH) had chosen His son-in-law to be His rightful successor. According to the Shia Muslims, they believe Prophet Muhammad(PBUH) designated Imam Ali(RA) as His successor by Allah’s

eastwards into Central Asia, over a period of more than 600 years. Sponges soaked in narcotic drugs which were placed over the patient's nose as early anesthetics. One of the most important medical books of its time was written by the physician Ali al-Husayn Abd Allah Ibn sinner (also known as Avicenna).According to the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, “he believed that Allah had sent a cure for every ailment and that it was the duty of Muslims to take care of the body and spirit.” Many things which humanity

Ali then succeeded Uthman as the next caliph. Muawiya wanted the assassins responsible for Uthman’s death to be handed over, but Ali was unable to comply with his demands. This conflict led to the first Muslim civil war or fitna. Ali defeated Aisha, a supporter of Muawiya who was also the Prophet Muhammad’s widow, and other prominent Muslims at the Battle of the Camel, but then later lost to Muawiya at the Battle of Siffin in Syria. The civil war ended with no winner, but shortly after Ali was

One cannot have an adequate and well-versed discussion about Islamic civilization without first defining two key terms: Civilization and Islam. Associate Professor at Washington University in St. Louis, Ahmet Karamustafa, defines civilizations as, “nothing more than a particular, even unique combination of ideas and practice that groups of human actors – who are the real agents of human history – affirm as their own and use to define and develop their own sense of presence and agency in

On the 13th of September, 1993, a seldom moment between Israeli Prime Minister, Yitzhak Rabin and Palestinian Liberation Organisation Chairman, Yasser Arafat marked a context in history. The Oslo Peace Accords had been written and signed by the two leaders – the newly found peace, marked with a single handshake. Unfortunately, this ideal of a non-violent and diplomatic future did not prevail. The peace process between Palestine and Israel failed due to the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, subsequent

The nationalist movement of Zionism emerged out of the Jewish people’s need for a national state of their own. This idea harkens back to the establishment of the Kingdom of Israel after the Exodus. The Holy Land and all of its historic prestige persisted in Jewish culture as they spread throughout the Diaspora for 2000 years. Restrictions and persecution followed the Jewish people as they were met with prejudice throughout Eastern and Western Europe. Organized political Zionism grew from tsarist

As we know after the death of Prophet Mohammad, the Muslim community turned into disorder and people started to wonder what would happen now that he is dead as it was understood that he was the last to come in prophets’ chain and there will be no one coming after him. Many debates began about who should take over all the responsibilities he had as he was the spiritual, legal, political and military leader of the community, so in other words, the debates were whether Muhammad had already appointed

b. ‘Uqba said, from al-Zuhari…,” as Kritzeck (1975) affirms. Ibn Ishaq, in his writings about maghazi, rarely completed his isnad, and in many times he just chose to neglect to refer to any authority; for instance, he introduced some of the accounts by saying: “One whom I do not trust related to me....” This technique of using the collective isnad in the case of Musa b. ‘Uqba or hiding some of it or sometimes all of it in the case of Ibn Ishaq raises many questions concerning the authenticity of the

requires no presentation, 'Ā 'isha was the spouse of the Prophet Muhammad who had maybe the most impact on the Muslim people group after his passing. She assumed a focal part in the political resistance to the third and fourth caliphs Uthmān ibn 'Affān and 'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib, notwithstanding driving an armed force against the last at Basra in 656. Despite the fact that she resigned from political life after her thrashing, she kept on assuming a noteworthy part as a transmitter of Islamic lessons. She