IGE

produced. In particular, IL-4 causes CD4+ cells to adopt Th2 properties and stimulates B and T cell proliferation, along with the upregulation of MHC-II expression. IL-4 also causes B cells to undergo class switching and produce IgE that is specific to the allergen. The IgE binds to the Fc receptors on mast cells and basophils and upon re-exposure to the allergen, mediators, mainly histamine, leukotrienes, and cytokines, are released from preformed granules in the cell.4 Another cytokine, IL-5, activates

required for the development and function of naturally occurring T regulatory cells, and its expression is sufficient to convert nonregulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells into T cells with regulatory activity. FOXP3 expression negatively correlates with levels of IgE, eosinophilia,

Atopic March is a process of progression from AD to allergic rhinitis and asthma. AD starts early in first few years of life and many studies have suggested that the previous expression of AD is a prerequisite for the development of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Van der Hulst et al examined that there is increased risk of development of asthma in young children with AD through 13 prospective cohort studies.5 ETIOPATHOGENESIS Earlier the disease was considered a dysfunction of keratinocytes, but

basophils, and mast cells also make a major contribution to the first line of defense mechanism. Basophils and mast cells contain IgE specific cell surface receptors (FceR) and exhibit high affinity for pathogens coated with the IgE antibodies. These cells are particularly important in the case of atopic allergies such as asthma and hay fever, wherein the allergen binds to IgE cross-links FceR and triggers the secretion of inflammatory mediators such as histamines and prostaglandins. Eosinophils, on the

When the bronchial trees are attacks by irritants or allergens it will cause constriction of the bronchial airways resulting in inflammation and narrowing of the airways, mucus secretion and difficulty of breathing. This respiratory disorder is called Asthma. Some of the symptoms of Asthma are wheeze, shortness of breath and use of accessory muscle to help in breathing. Most of the Asthma attacks are related to allergens or aeroallergens and the body reacts by activating its immune system. There

developed countries (2). There are three main players in the development of allergies: immunoglobulin E (IgE), mast cells and histamine. IgE is a specific type of antibody that has a significant role in the development of allergies; IgE is able to bind to both allergens and to mast cells, cells that mediate inflammatory responses such as hypersensitivity and allergic reactions (3). Once IgE binds to an allergen, the allergen releases T cells to stimulate B cells, developing into plasma cells that

The next time you eat even the smallest amount of that food, the IgE antibodies sense it and signal your immune system to release a chemical called histamine, as well as other chemicals, into your bloodstream.These chemicals cause a range of allergy signs and symptoms. They are responsible for causing allergic responses

as “Atopic Asthma”. This is usually diagnosed in childhood and it is believed that genetics play a crucial role in obtaining the disease. In Atopic Asthma “when exposed to an allergen there is an excess release of immunoglobulin from B lymphocytes. IgE binds to cells involved in the inflammation which results in bronchoconstriction and inflammation of airways”. (citation journal)

Pulmonary Allergic Responses Asthma is a global health concern that is increasing in epidemic proportions. Since 1980, asthma has increased in prevalence by more than 75%, and children appear to be disproportionately affected1. Allergic asthma is an IgE-mediated disorder characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation, infiltration of immune cells (especially eosinophils), airway hyper-responsiveness and mucus overproduction. Common symptoms of allergic asthma include coughing, wheezing, and dypsnea

In the United States almost twelve million people, three million of those being children, supposedly have a food allergy. From that population, 1-2% are of all adults and 5-7.5% are of all the children in the world. Some cases get so bad that consumers must go to the emergency room, 30,000 cases each year to be exact which 150 Americans die from ingestion. Food intolerances affect an even larger portion of consumers (1, 7). The issue of food allergies is not a topic to be taken lightly about and