International Phonetic Alphabet

Hannah is 9.5 and she a fourth grade student at Martin Elementary. She is on a third grade instructional reading level. Looking collectively at the data from assessments, Hannah has various strengths and weaknesses. She is very polite and overall has a very positive attitude when it comes to school. Hannah is able to recognize many words on a 3rd or 4th grade text, but she has difficulty comprehending the text at these levels. Hannah is capable of comprehending at the fourth grade level if certain

What is Cockney? There is more than one possible answer to this question. It is conventionally used to refer to any person who was born within a certain radius of a church named ‘St. Mary-le-Bow’ and therefore could hear the Bow Bells ringing. In general, it loosely refers to a traditional accent, which is spoken by people from the Londoner working-class. However, the term ‘Cockney’ is informal. Its most extraordinary characteristic is the usage of rhyming schemes to code their language, but then

Central Hypoventilation Syndrome or CCHS is categorized as a parasomnia. Such sleep disorders are the symptoms of central nervous system activation that are generally "transmitted through skeletal muscle or autonomic nervous system channels" ("The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Revised: Diagnostic and Coding Manual" 19). CCHS is an uncommon syndrome that is mostly present from the time of birth. It is widely defined as the malfunctioning of automatic control of breathing. The affected

1. The most recent standardized test administered was The Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation 2nd Edition (GFTA-2). The results were as followed. The raw score for the patient was 44. This raw score is the total number of articulation errors. The clients standard score was 60. This provides a means to compare one individual to another based on age and gender. The client was in the 3rd percentile which indicates he did 3% better than children of the same age on the same test. The client was at the

Phonics and Whole language methods Phonics is a technique that teaches beginning readers to associate a particular sound with each letter of the alphabet or letter combination (Unger, 1996). Students receive explicit instruction in the mechanics of reading before they begin the actual process. Once students know what sounds correspond with each letter or letter combination, they move on to sounding out words. The English language has only about forty-four sounds, so when students begin to

Theoretical Assumptions Spelling is an essential literacy skill. It is linked to reading. And it can be argued that learning to spell can enhance reading ability. As is the case with reading ability, spelling ability can be classified into stages or levels. And in most cases students will progress through these levels in a predictable and interrelated fashion. As students begin to read more fluently, their writing becomes more fluent. Holly is an example where this is not the case. She

Students who learn a second language or a foreign language face issues due to the different phonetic system of their first language and the second language. If they have a sound in the target language is not exist in their mother tongue, they produce it like the closest sound they have in their first language (Ahmad 2011). Trubetzkoy (1939) mentioned that a language phonological system is “ as a

Students who learn a second language or a foreign language face issues due to the different phonetic system of their first language and the second language. If they have a sound in the target language is not exist in their mother tongue, they produce it like the closest sound they have in their first language (Ahmad 2011). Trubetzkoy (1939) mentioned that a language phonological system is “ as a

17th centuries when Catholic missionaries arrived in Vietnam, they wanted to establish a writing system that could be easily taught to people in order to maintain their Catholic influence after they left. In 1651, a writing system based on the roman alphabet called Quốc ngữ was created gaining popularity amongst missionaries and followers. It took several years for the language to become more prominent in Vietnam eventually being deemed the official language used for public documents in 1910. Though

1 Introduction:
 Phonology is the study of how sounds function within a given language. The study of English phonology for our purposes can be divided into two broad approaches: segmental and suprasegmental. 
Segmental phonology is a bottom up view of phonology which deals with the individual sounds which make a difference to meaning. These are called phonemes and their effect can be seen clearly in the following example: * Red (colour). * Read (past tense of the verb to