Juglans nigra

thalamus. One thing that is important to keep in mind about these circuits are the release of neurotransmitters. The image 1 summarizes it. Note the secretion of dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in most parts of the brain, from the substantia nigra to the caudate nucleus and putamen. It’s also important to mention that GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is a inhibitory neurotransmitter that provides loops of negative feedback within the central nervous system. Figure 1 - “Neuronal pathways that

Disease, also known as, “the disease of the old” (Williams, Hopper 2015). Physiology “Parkinson’s Disease, or PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is caused by degeneration and dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra.” (Corrow, 2013). Although that is the specific definition of Parkinson’s Disease, not all people might understand those terms. When educating patients, it’s important to assess their education level and provide information easily understandable to

Love According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, it defines love as “A feeling of strong or constant affection for a person.” (Love, 2015). In order to have the feeling of other person, we need social connection to support it and it is the foundation of all social activities. How does our brain respond to the love of other person? Will external factors change the way our brain responds to love or do our brain actually ignore these outside things and only focus on the inside activities only? I would

understood; however, genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role (Checkoway and Nelson, 1999). Pathologically, PD is characterised by mitochondrial DNA dysfunction leading to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (Fig.1) and subsequent reduction in striatal dopamine levels (Longmore, 2014). The clinical features of PD are mainly motor including resting

National Parkinson 's Foundation Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the central Nervous system and affects both motor and nonmotor functions. parkinson 's is caused by a chemical imbalance within the brain. The brain produces a neurotransmitter called dopamine in the basal ganglia, which is structures linked to the thalamus in the base of the brain. If the Dopamine, Basal ganglia and Thalamus does not function properly then causes major damage,. A person having less and less dopamine

called Canine multiple system degeneration (O’Brien, 2005). Affected dogs develop cerebellar ataxia, which later develops into akinesia and the inability to maintain postural stability. As the disease progresses, it has been seen that the substantia nigra degenerates, which is similar to Parkinson’s Disease (Montgomery, 1983). Eventually, the dogs are euthanized by age 2. For studies involving Parkinson’s Disease, mice and non-human primates are primarily used as models. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

neurons die, they produce something called dopamines. A dopamine is a neurotransmitter. They send messages to the brain that disrupts coordination and movement. The part of the brain that the neurons are affected is called the substantia nigra. The substantia nigra is in the brain stem, right above the spinal cord. These parts are essential to the functioning of the central nervous system. With the progression of this disease, the dopamine levels decrease, and the person is unable to control their

progressive disease. Parkinson’s disease is not life threatening, but, it does have a profound effect on the quality of life (Magennis & Corry 2013). Parkinson’s disease is caused by a loss of Dopamine that affects two main brain structures, the substantia nigra pars compacta and basal ganglia deep in the central hemisphere. Low levels of

Parkinson’s disease, is distinguished by the loss of dopaminergic cells within the brain. This dopaminergic degeneration is accompanied by severe symptoms, which significantly affects individuals and those around them. The rate at which this degradation; and therefore the rate at which the corresponding symptoms arises, varies among individuals. Often these symptoms do not worsen until the affected individual has reached the age of 60 to 65 years old, when the dopaminergic depletion has become significant

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration and cell loss of the substantia nigra, which causes disturbances of voluntary motor control [5]. It impairs ones ability to produce movements and is commonly associated with difficulties of daily living. Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects approximately 1.5% to 2.0% of the population over the age of sixty years old [2] and “… it is estimated that 6 million individuals worldwide are currently living with PD,” [7]