Lake Toba

Lake Toba is an exotic destination –rich in natural beauty as well as a thrilling, yet devastating history. Located on the island of North Sumatra in Indonesia, Lake Toba is the largest volcanic lake in the world. The lake is actually the enormous crater of a super-volcano which last erupted 75,000 years ago. An island formed by volcanic activity can be found in the center of the lake. The island is nearly the size of Singapore and houses a population of about 100,000. To get there, one

1. Introduction 1.1. Toba Catastrophe Lake Toba is located in Sumatra, Indonesia (Figure 1). The Toba Eruption was the last of three major eruptions, which occurred over the past million years, creating a volcanic caldera1. The most recent eruption, also known as the Youngest Toba Tuff erupted around 73,000 (± 4000) years ago2. This created a global catastrophe that effected many species, including humans. Many researchers have linked this even to the most recent bottleneck in human evolution resulting

eruptions. This is formed when a volcano collapses in onto its empty magma chamber and forms a caldera, or volcanic crater. The best example of a impact crater is Lake Toba in Sumatra. Lake Toba was known as the largest volcanic structure on earth. Once the volcanic structure collapsed it eventually filled with water and earned its name Lake Toba. What are craters ? A crater is a large bowl-shaped cavity in the ground or on the surface of the planet or the moon. Craters are usually formed by explosions

Lake Bridgeport was built in 1930 for flood control, water storage and recreation. Tarrant County owns the land and water that makes the lake. There is a spillway that takes water through the Trinity River to Eagle Mountain Lake and Lake Worth. This year has been a rough year for Lake Bridgeport with three digit temperatures and draining water to the other lakes. Since one of the purposes to build Lake Bridgeport was for storage, The Tarrant County water district approved to let out 20,000 acre feet

to December, 2011) of the biomanipulation work done in the lake Nainital for its ecosystem restoration is presented in this paper. In this approach we attempted to manipulate various levels of the food chain, assuming that the nutrient input is stable and cannot be reduced to limit the primary production. At the start of the work important physico- chemical and biological parameters were measured to know the present scenario of the lake. Among physico- chemical parameters the water temperature,

Introduction: Water is not only a necessity to our everyday lives, but it also serves as an important component when it comes to recreation. Knowing how to manage a lake or reservoir for these different aspects is a key ingredient to satisfying our human needs; for survival as well as leisure. Because less than 1% of all water on Earth is safe for humans to drink, it is crucial that these waters be carefully managed to sustain current and future generations. Water-based recreation, such as fishing

concern on the subject today is water contamination. Individuals grew worried that the chemicals used to gather these natural resources will seep into the water and contaminate the United States. The water necessary to frack is gathered from rivers, lakes, ponds, and even aquifers. This is then combined with chemicals and pumped into the ground. Fracking was exempted from the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act and the chemicals used to frack are not tested frequently in our water (Lampe 34). Bordering

which is produced by blue-green algae. When fertilizers and human sewage run into rivers and lakes, these toxins start to appear because nutrients are added that cause the growth of algae known as “super blooms”. However, sea otters don’t go to the areas these blooms occur in like polluted rivers and lakes. Miller then did some research and found that super blooms occurred frequently in a lake, Pinto Lake, that eventually drains into the area of the Pacific Ocean where the dead otters were found

Figure 1. The zones of a freshwater lake (Smith and Smith 2001). Within the lentic ecosystems, temperature plays a crucial role. Lake temperatures does not variate drastically, but does change gradually with every season of the year. Summer, the thermic stratification of lakes, can be studied in different layers (Figure 2). The superior level of a lake that is terminally stratified, is known to be epilimnion, which is the warmer part of the fresh water body. This water remains in the superior part

down, scorching my pale flesh, but I don’t feel it. Fear augments inside me; unsure my limits, I persist. The lake gleamed in the bright mountain sunshine, which would have been warm if not for the breeze, yet all the campers are still full of joy. All except me. I stripp off my towel, revealing my pale, goose-bump ridden skin and a thin black bathing suit. My mom is staring out at the lake, the shining sun hitting her sunscreen smudged face, looking chipper, she reaches down, to pet the dorkus, fuzzy