Maastricht Treaty

Step 4 came in the shape of the Amsterdam Treaty which reaffirmed the powers and responsibilities given to the Council within the Maastricht Treaty. It then extended these powers and responsibilities with regards to the EMU and CFSP. The Nice Treaty was step 5 wherein it gave the Council the power to nominate the person to be put forward for the position of President of the European Commission. The final and sixth step came in the form of the Lisbon Treaty when the European Council was established

national constitutional courts. As the ECJ and national courts attempt to define their respective realms of influence, a bright debate has sparked regarding constitutional pluralism. Moreover, the recent codification of primacy in the Constitutional Treaty has led to a new debate on the scope of the supremacy of EU law. This paper will assess the claim that supremacy of EU law is still an evolving and debatable concept. To do this, I have divided this paper into four sections. The first section will

b) Institutional framework after the Lisbon Treaty Institutionally, the EU does not have a strict and clear-cut separation of powers across its legislative and executive powers. This balance is therefore limited and guaranteed by the power of the judiciary: the ECJ. The 2007 Lisbon Treaty had the intention of ‘supranationationalisng’ the EU through institutional reforms after the failure of the Constitutional project. Yet, many elements, and of the treaty suggest that it has shifted the EU towards

parliamentary scrutiny. “The European Union has been further described as not transparent, and distant from its citizens. Looking in details the institutions within the European Union (EU), analyzes their powers and the relationship between them, treaty on European Union, the main EU institutions are the European Parliament, the Council, the European Council, the Commission, the Court of Justice, the European Central Bank, and the Court of Auditors. This will explains that these institutions are

separate countries. Both Czech Republic and Slovakia joined the European Union in 2004 along with eight other nations. Two EU policy issues that affected or continue to affect Czech Republic were the adoption of the euro and ratification of the Lisbon Treaty of 2009. Czech Republic’s president is anti-EU and this plays a significant role in showing that it is important who is in power. One of the major requirements a candidate country must have in order to join the European Union is a democratic government

Thus, the GOALS-Means-End approach is an essential element of an international policy actor (Tocci , 2007). Through a series of official and legal arrangements, EU under the Maastricht Treaty declarations in 1992, outlined a set of five Foreign Policy objectives submitted under the ‘Joint Action’ of Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) . Further in 2003, the European Council agreed on a a European Security Strategy (ESS) comprising

The Lisbon treaty followed the disastrous Constitutional Treaty of 2004 that was rejected in referendums in France and the Netherlands. After a period of reflection, negotiations began for another treaty (Laursen, 2013:9). These negotiations continued for months, after which it was left to the Portuguese presidency to complete the Treaty, and thus the Treaty became known as the Lisbon Treaty. It was signed in Lisbon on 13 December 2007, but only entered into force on 1 December 2009 following ratification

small fiscal deficit, and an extremely low public debt mark. Bulgaria’s HICP inflation levels are well within the range of the eurozone average, and its budget is in surplus at 1.6 per cent, compared to the limit of 3% of deficit stipulated by the Maastricht criteria. Moreover, its debt ratio is at 29%, which is excellent when compared to the 60% peg given by the Euro requirements. The country’s bonds are showing interest rates within the 4% required as well, and most importantly perhaps, as much as

at least 255 votes out of 345 votes, need to be approved by the majority of the member states i.e. 14 and represent at least 62% of the EU population(U.S. Mission to the European Union, 2012). According to Joos (2015), the Lisbon Treaty also known as the reform treaty which was made on 1st December 2009 has resulted in complex political decision-making process in EU. First, it strengthens the role of the parliament in political decision making and increased the number of decision makers. Second

a speech in Zurich after WWII, did Winston Churchill call for “kind of United States of Europe” (Coe.int, 2014). 1951 the ECSC is established by Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Six years later in 1957 does the Rome treaty sets the start of the EEC the beginning of the european common market and the EURATOM (atomic energy community). In 1961 does Britain in fellowship with Denmark and Ireland apply for membership to the EEC but it is not until 1973 when the approval