Maleic acid

INTRODUCTION Maleic acid and Fumaric acid are both compounds belonging to the carboxylic acids class. In this experiment, we formed the two isomers of 1,2-ethylenedicarboxylic acid and tested the solubility and melting points of both of these products. Both of these compounds involve a carbon-carbon double bond that is composed of one σ bond and one π bond. The overlap of sp2 hybrid orbitals forms the σ bond, and one empty p orbital forms the π bond. This process is illustrated in the figure below:

in Table 1 from part 1 of the experiment are accurate in melting point ranges for each compound. The samples went from a powdery white to a clear liquid. Urea is a little bit higher than from its melting point range of 132°C-133°C and trans-cinnamic acid is in its melting point range of 132°C-135°C. They are both pure compounds because they stayed relatively close to their melting point ranges. The 50/50 mixture has a lower melting point and a broader melting point range because each compound acts

BUTENEDIOIC ACID PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT 1. Maleic acid is the cis version and fumaric acis is the trans version of butenedioic acid. 2. 3. See attached paper. 4. Maleic anhydride is the compound that crystalizes in part A in the experiment. 5. HCl acts as a catalyst to break one of the carbonyl group in the maleic acid which rotates the structure to form a trans structure of the butonal acid which is the fumaric acid. And it does so by donating its protons. 6. Maleic acid Chronic

a lower activation energy. Even though the ENDO is favoured it is not the lowest energy conformer as all these hydrogens are on the same face not alternating to reduce steric interactions. This is why when heated further; or in the presence of an acid or a base, the EXO product is favoured as the H-3a and H-7a is on the top

The purpose of this lab was to construct a titration curve by titrating Formic acid using a standardized sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and a pH meter through potentiometric titration. After the data for the rest of the class is collected, compare and contrast the equivalence points to see how the concentrations of the various acids affected the acids weakness and strength. Methods: Obtain 0.020 M of Formic Acid (HCCOOH). Calibrate the pH meter using the instructions for calibrating the pH meter

concentration of NaOH was used to identify the unknown acids, this value is shown is experiment 16.1. This mean standardized concentration was 0.0784 M. By titrating a known amount and concentration of this standardized base to the unknown acid, a titration curve and its derivative could be plotted in order to find the molar mass and acid dissociation constant. The first unknown acid titrated, BGYW, was identified to be Maleic acid, C4H4O4. The identity of the acid was found by taking both the molar mass and

adduct was produced. The bicyclic lactone to be generated was cis-1,3,3a,4,5,7a-Hexahydro-5-methyl-3-oxo-4-isobenzofuran-carboxylic Acid and was produced using a Diels-Alder reaction. The product was also analyzed quantitatively using percent yield. To prepare the Diels-Alder adduct 0.40 g of 2,4-hexadien-1-ol was added to a flask, then 5.00 mL of toluene and 0.40 g of maleic anhydride were added to the flask in that order. The mixture was warmed and stirred to induce a reaction. The reaction progress

OPTIMIZATION OF GLYCEROL RECOVERY FROM PRE-TREATMENT PROCESS TO PRODUCED SUCCINIC ACID VIA ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION A.A.Nik Nor Aziatia, A M. Mimi Sakinaha* aFaculty of Chemical Enginnering and Natural Resources,University of Malaysia Pahang (UMP) Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia Tel: +6016-6668486, Fax: +60-095492825, E-mail: atie_encat@yahoo.com a*Faculty of Chemical Enginnering and Natural Resources University of Malaysia Pahang (UMP) Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia Tel: +60-095492825, Fax: +60-095492825, E-mail:

ABSTRACT: The use of glycerol residue, a palm oil waste from Oleochemical industries as a raw material for the production of succinic acid with immobilized cell fermentation process was investigated. In this work, the raw material, immobilized cells to produced succinic acid were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope instruments. Based on the results, the functional group appearing for treated and commercial glycerol is the hydroxyl, aromatic

to produce succinic acid from glycerol residue through anaerobic fermentation process. The study of reaction parameters (pH, temperature and mass substrate) was performed by using expert design software in glycerol recovery process. One factor at one time (OFAT) method was performed as preliminary studies for selection of parameters range and subsequently determine its optimum condition using response surface methodology (RSM). The concentration of glycerol and succinic acid were determined using