Maternal

Children vocalize in order to receive response from their mothers; it is their different vocalizations that influence the response they receive. Maternal responses can be divided into language expectant and language non expectant, and each category is further broken down (Gros-Louis, West, Goldstein & King, 2006). The five language-expectant responses provide information about linguistic forms and

estimated that 529, 000 maternal deaths occur globally every year in developing countries. The probability that a woman will die during pregnancy is 400 per 100,000 live births. The risk is higher in sub- Saharan Africa with 1,000 per 100,000 live births. The death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or the postpartum period, is known as maternal mortality, occurs in 99% of all developing countries (WHO, 2015). According to the World Health Organization, the causes of maternal mortality and morbidity

childbirth-related problems (World Health Organization, 2014). Often, maternal mortality is found to occur more often in developing countries than developed countries. Maternal mortality refers women who died from the situation like during pregnancy, termination of pregnancy within 42 days, regardless of duration and place of pregnancy, from aggravation caused by the pregnancy or pregnancy management (Nwagha et al, 2010). Maternal mortality may be resulted from direct or indirect cause. Direct causes

May 2016 Maternal Mortality in Developing Countries Around the world, 830 women die every day from preventable complications during pregnancy and delivery (“Maternal mortality” 1). A death during a pregnancy or within 42 days of delivery is referred to as a maternal death (Semba and Bloem 34). The issue of maternal death in developing countries is an often unaddressed and urgent need. Things like poverty, a lack of access to quality healthcare, and cultural practices are causing maternal mortality

Abstract Maternal sepsis is preventable, yet remains the leading cause of maternal death worldwide, according to a study published in 2013 (Acosta & Knight, 2013). Early recognition of symptoms and implementation of correct treatment is key to prevent mortality. A break in nursing education can prevent prompt treatment to patients. Given that pregnant women are more vulnerable to infection and susceptible to serious complications, makes a clear understanding of maternal sepsis imperative (Joseph

Maternal Deprivation Studies The underlying assumption of Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis is that continual disruption of the attachment between infant and primary caregiver could result in long-term cognitive, social, and emotional difficulties for that infant. John Bowlby created the maternal deprivation hypothesis attachment. It claimed that it was essential for a child’s psychological health to form an attachment to its mother figure. He said that the young child’s hunger for his mother’s

2.1.1 Background on the maternal and infant/child health in South Africa There are numerous issues surrounding maternal and infant health in South Africa. The maternal mortality ratio in South Africa is estimated at 156.5 per 100000 live births (Pattinson et al 2012). It is suggested that 60% of maternal deaths in South Africa are preventable (Amnesty International 2014). The three leading underlying causes of maternal mortality in South Africa include: HIV/AIDS, hypertension and obstetric haemorrhage

John Bowlby and Maternal Deprivation Bowlby believed that maternal behaviour was instinctive in humans as it appears to be in animals. Mothers and their babies form an instinctive attachment to each other using genetically inherited skills such as smiling, grasping, crying and so on. If a separation occurs between mother and infant within the first few years of the child’s life, Bowlby believed that the bond would be irreversibly broken, leading to severe emotional

According to John Bowlby (1951) the term maternal deprivation is used when a child is separarated from their mother and in addition when a child can’t develop an attachment. He believed that when the close bond between child- mother is disturbed, it can bring potentially harming consequeses to their emotional, intellectual and social development. Bowlby (1951) considered that it was essential that the child and mother to form a bond, as he argued that when the child – mother were seperated between

Goal 5 The fifth goal is to increase maternal health in countries with a focus on reducing the maternal mortality rate by three-fourths and universal access to reproductive health both by 2015. Despite a 43% reduction in maternal deaths since 1990, there are still a large number of women who die during childbirth from preventable causes such as hemorrhaging (United Nations, 2015, p. 38). In 2002 Afghanistan reported a baseline figure of 1,600 deaths per 100,000 with a 2015 targeted reduction to