Most significant bit

Overview Arduino Pro A huge variety of microcontrollers already exist on the market. After comparing several types of boards, including ATMEL, INTEL and PIC based ones; an ATmega328 based ship was assigned for the implementation of our prototype: The Arduino Pro, which is cheaper in price and smaller in size than the other boards, and satisfies perfectly our needs. The Arduino Pro comes in both 3.3V/8MHz and 5V/16MHz versions. After benchmarking these two existing boards, the 5V/16MHz one was chosen

alu items be it add, subtract, multiply, etc, start with 2 or 3 bit numbers, much easier to get a handle on than 32 or 64 bit numbers. after 2 or 3 bits it doesnt matter if it is 22 or 2200 bits it all works exactly the same from there on out. Basically you can by hand if you want make a table of all 3 bit operands and their results such that you can examine the whole table visually, but a table of all 32 bit operands against all 32 bit operands and their results, cant do that by hand in a reasonable

on the toolbar and then choose Programmer. To enter a binary number, first click the Bin radio button. Then, enter all the binary bits by clicking the 0 and 1 buttons. To convert the binary number in the display into decimal, click the Dec radio button. Weights 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Bits 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 Adding the weights whose bits are 1: 128+32+8+4+1= 173 Task 3: Convert Decimal Number into Hexadecimal Procedure 1. Convert the decimal

Steganography has been around since 1980’s. Various tools and software’s are available for Steganography as well as Steganalysis. The most common form of steganography is on digital images. For digital images there exist many steganographic techniques and furthermore there exist a lot of approaches to detect steganography in digital images. In this paper we will be looking at many tools comprising from various digital domains but we fund that almost all of the tools had support for image files. With

1.1 Steganography and its introduction Steganography comes from the Greek word “Steganographia” (στεγανό-ς, γραφ-ειν) which means “covered writing”. It is the art and science of concealing a secret information within a cover media preventing unauthorized people to know that something is hidden in it, so that the message can only be detected by its intended recipient. Cryptography and Steganography are ways of secure data transfer over the Internet 1.1.1 Cryptography and Steganography Cryptography

multiplication. It literally means “Vertically and Crosswise”. It is based on a novel concept through which the generation of all partial products can be done with the concurrent addition of these partial products. The algorithm can be generalized for n x n bit number. Since the partial products and their sums are calculated in parallel, the multiplier is independent of the clock frequency of the processor. Due to its regular structure, it can be easily layout in microprocessors and designers can easily circumvent

the literature, but this chapter provides a detailed study of block cipher as applied to images, since JPEG2000 generates various subband sizes as blocks. In the first section, we briefly define various encryption components like wavelet transform, bit plane decomposition, XOR operation, artificial neural network, seed key generator and chaotic map functions, for interest of the reader. Later in section 2, we present literature review of various encryption techniques from two perspectives: applications

1. Introduction The aim of this report is to investigate where and how anti-forensic tools work as well as looking at the challenges forensic investigators are faced when such tools are used. After anti-forensic tools are used certain artefacts will be left behind, this report will also cover the procedures and difficulties when trying to uncover these artefacts as well as the tools used to find them. Anti-Forensic (AF) techniques are the actions which are aimed to prevent forensic investigators

project is designed to make the FPGA as a Calculator that receives two four bit binary numbers and do four different operations on those two numbers. The four operations are addition, subtraction, division, and XOR (bit wise operation). The project is designed with top model and sub modules. Moreover, when the user enters the two inputs in binary the result will display in decimal except for the last operation which is the bit wise (XOR) that should be displayed in binary. The only challenge part that

a few parameters. LSB matching revisited (LSBMR)[4] considers a pair of pixels as an embedding component, in which the LSB of the first pixel embeds one bit of secret message, and the relationship (odd–even combination) of the two pixel values carries another bit of secret message.The modification rate of pixels can decrease from 0.5 to 0.375 bits/pixel (bpp) in the case of a maximum embedding rate, meaning lesser changes to the cover image at the same payload compared to LSB replacement and LSB matching