Nociceptor

peripheral nociceptors, whose cell bodies originate in the peripheral dorsal root ganglia located along the spinal column [261]. These terminals contain transient receptor potential channels, tetrodotoxin channels and ion channels that transduce energy from noxious stimuli into action potentials. The speed of the action potential is directly related to the diameter

Nociceptors are specialized peripheral sensory neurons that have protective role against damaging stimuli at the skin. They detect extremes in temperature, pressure and harmful chemicals. However persistent pain syndromes offer no biological advantage and cause suffering and distress. Pathological pain caused by inflammation is perceived because of sensitization of peripheral and central nociceptive neurons. There is considerable evidence that the development and maintenance of persistent pain states

Endodontic pain in the context of oro-facial pain. Endodontic pain is typically derived from noxious insults to the pulp and peri-radicular tissues and the inflammation which follows. Nociceptors of the pulp and peri-radicular tissues have their cell bodies located in the trigeminal ganglia. When these primary afferent nociceptors experience membrane depolarization due to a noxious stimulus, they send an action potential to the second-order neurons whose cell bodies reside in the medulla. The second-order

Other experiments have found that fish learn to avoid unpleasant stimuli such as electric shocks, and piercing of their lips by sharp hooks. Recent research has demonstrated that fish have nociceptors, receptors on the skin that preferentially detect noxious, potentially painful stimuli. These nociceptors are similar to those found in mammals. Also areas of the brain, such as the forebrain and midbrain which are important in mammalian pain processing, are active during the application of painful

yield a fully functional nerve (Subedi & Grossberg, 2011). Nociceptors are free nerve endings in the afferent peripheral nervous system (PNS) that selectively respond to different stimuli. The differences are related to the stimulus which they respond to and the properties of the nerve fibers associated with them. There are three types A, B and C groups based on their diameter. There are numerous types of nerve fibers that have nociceptors. These are the free endings at the

The Perception of Pain in Conjunction to the Mind and Body The Perception of Pain in Conjunction to the Mind and Body Pain is something that connects all of us. From birth to death we can identify with each other the idea and arguably the perception of it. We all know we experience it, but what is more important is how we all perceive it. It is known that there are people out there with a ‘high’ pain tolerance and there are also ones out there with a ‘low’ pain tolerance, but what is different

While pain is a subjective feeling, and an unpleasant sensation there is not one definition that explains what exactly pain is. We do however know that a pain pathway helps understand what pain is. Pain begins from a painful stimulus which activates nociceptor or pain receptors. This receptor sends pain signals to the spinal cord synapse. At this point a reflex response to the pain, which helps move the body away from the source of pain. Neurons then communicate to the ascending tracts to the brain. Two

sort of injury or damage. Pain can also be portrayed as a variety of sensations such as lancinating, stabbing, pricking, burning, throbbing, cramping, and aching. Noxious stimuli are detected by specialized neurons called nociceptors. After repeated incidence of injury, nociceptors can be sensitized leading to allodynia and/or hyperalgesia. Allodynia is the perception of pain from normally harmless stimuli. Hyperalgesia is an increase

1) Nociception defines as the detection mechanisms of noxious stimuli by the primary afferent nociceptors of the peripheral nervous system (National Research Council, 2009), encoding and transferring by the central nervous system (Barrot, 2012). Noxious stimuli activates nociceptors that are in the periphery and enters in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord via dorsal root ganglion, ascends to the thalamus via spinothalamic tract. Nociception can happen without pain. Pain is an unpleasant sensory

“Reality is merely an illusion.” This quote by Albert Einstein has been widely perpetuated and in many cases dismissed as nonsensical speculation; however, very few realize just how accurate this statement is. Reality is not nearly as tangible as most have come to believe; rather, it is a fabrication that exists solely within any one person’s mind. What is labeled as reality is merely an interpretation of data that already surrounds us and is taken in by sensory receptors. The brain and body take