Non-state actor

cybersecurity one of the most discussed areas of study. Key leaders in the field of cybersecurity including General (ret.) Keith Alexander has stated that threats from the cyber realm are going to be some of the top security challenges the United States faces in the 21st century.[footnoteRef:1] Comment by Grammarly: Deleted: a Comment by Grammarly: Deleted:ve [1: Shalal-Esa,

group of non-state cyber actors, to perform the cyber-attacks. While the group of non-state cyber actors may not agree with the government’s national objectives, they may have been incentivized with funds and/or favors. In any event, the cyber actors directly and indirectly assist the Russian government with realizing the national objectives, depending on if the government informed them of the true objectives. It is safe to assume that the relationship between the government and non-state cyber-actors

used during the Cold War would require some modifications in order to be effective against non-state actors in the 21st century. The United States and the Soviet Union had enough nuclear weapons between the two superpowers that deterred both from using. This was because it would not be beneficial socially or economically for either in the long-term. Non-state actors are not equal in most respects to state actors and sometimes considered “not deterrable” , so therefore a modified approach may prove more

Is the state still the most important actor in International Relations? State is commonly referred to either the present condition of a system or entity, or to a governed entity, such as a nation or a province. The state itself consists of the society, government as well as the people living there. Before the Second World War, State is often seen as the main actor in international Relations as it can declare states of wars, control most of the economic influence within the region and larger states

marketplace. When Are States Immune from Antitrust Liability? To understand antitrust immunity, one must understand the different tests the United States Supreme Court has applied to state’s agencies and boards to determine immunity. Courts largely use two tests to determine whether an entity has immunity from antitrust laws. Both tests provide the same immunity, but they require the entity seeking the immunity to prove different requirements. The first test is the sovereign actor test, and it provides

State is a political community under a single system of government. The state as an actor became powerful from 18th century onwards with the advent of democratic form of government. Its power further consolidated with colonialism and it epitomized in the nineteenth century as during that time, Westphalian model of sovereignty was revered throughout the globe. So, there were few international skirmishes during the latter half of the nineteenth century. However, the balance of power changed after the

Any discussion relating to future conflict and the implications toward the security of the United States must factor in the complexity of numerous multi-dimensional threats, that undermine global stability. The definition of IW as stated in the Multi-Service Concept for Irregular Warfare follows, “A form of warfare that has as its objective the credibility of and/or the legitimacy of the relevant political authority with the goal of undermining or supporting that authority. Irregular warfare favors

before. March 20, 1995 marked the first time a non-state actor waged a chemical attack against a civilian population (chemical attacks had been used in the past but never by a non-state actor). Aum Shinrikyo, a Japanese terrorist group, released

raised as his parents were into a Jewish family. In 1920, Solomon at the young age of just 13 years old and his family emigrated to the United States of America. They lived on the Lower East Side of New York City. The Lower East Side of New York was a place that was dense of many Jewish, Irish, and Italian immigrants. When Solomon first moved to the United States he did not speak English fluently. Therefore, Solomon had a hard time adjusting to school, but he learned English by reading Charles Dickens

the lens of constructivism as it provides the most accurate end-to-end explanation for it. I would like to put perspicuous emphases on how terrorism itself is a social construct, how clashes of identity between actors contribute to terrorism and how norms shape the behavior of the actors. “Terrorism is an objective reality and a subjective interpretation” (Karaffa 2012: 3). Via this quote, we can infer that terrorism, in the eyes of constructivists, is a social construct. Berger