Olfactory

investigated. In fact, birds exhibit a wide array of communication mechanisms, such as colors and songs, but rarely display obvious olfactory-driven behaviors. This discrepancy seen in the amount of information regarding olfactory use is due to the belief that birds do not have a well developed olfactory system compared to other animals. Because they do not have a well developed olfactory system, other perceptual cues, such as sight and audition, are seen as better predictors of behavior. The

seminar on functional imaging of the olfactory bulb in mice. He uses a fluorescent calcium-sensitive dye to label the receptor neurons in the nose; the dye is then transported to the terminals of those neurons in the olfactory bulb. All of the receptor neurons that express receptors for a certain type of odor molecule send their axons to the same localized structure within the olfactory bulb, called a glomerulus. By removing the skin and bone above the olfactory bulb, he can use a sensitive camera

inability to smell. While this condition can be temporary due to a blocked nose or infection-such as during a cold, I am aiming to focus on the permanent causes of loss of smell such as the death of olfactory receptor neurons within the nose or by brain injury that results in damage to the olfactory nerves.  The normal anatomy and physiology of the organs/structures that are affected Before one can analyze the cause of anosmia, it is important to first understand nasal anatomy and olfaction. “Olfaction

behavior. Primates communicate with olfactory, visual and vocal signals. Acoustic communication has been the most often studied, followed by visual and then olfactory signals (Semple & Higham, 2013). Typically primates are considered visual animals and several species have the ability to recognize color variants, an extensive range of facial expressions and colorful markings. Compared to numerous other mammals that have extensive reliance on chemosensation, primate olfactory system can appear unremarkable

) Due to hypothalamus stimulation, Laila will feel hungry. Two regions of hypothalamus will contribute towards the hunger of Laila, which are the lateral and paraventricular hypothalamus. These regions have been correlated with receptors for certain chemical messengers that signal hunger, especially ghrelin and leptin. Lateral Hypothalamus is the region of the brain associated with hunger recognition. Laila’s body will recognize hunger due to the stimulation of lateral hypothalamus (lateral nuclei)

Decreased interest in olfaction may be related to early work which contrasted varying levels of olfactory abilities among animals, highlighting primates as deficient in this sense. In Turner’s 1891 paper The Convolutions of the Brain, he proposed a classification of Mammalia into three groups 1) Anasmotics, where the organs of smell are absent and included dolphins and whales, 2) Macrosmatics, defined by animals with a highly developed sense of smell and included ungulates, carnivores and most

Throughout the research for this course I have come to believe that the auditory and olfactory sensory processes are the most

their direction immediately toward the olfactory sulcus (in a recurrent way) accompanying both the olfactory tract and the olfactory bulb, most likely corresponding to the persistent primitive olfactory artery (PPOA)(fig. ). On the right side this vessel is more prominent (fig 1, fig 2). At the confluence of the olfactory tract and olfactory bulb, resembles a hairpin and then gives two branches, the anterior branch runs in the olfactory sulcus distal to the olfactory bulb and distributes on the frontal

2002). Another study demonstrated that perirhinal lesioned rats were impaired in long-term memory for social odors, while their memory for non-social odors remained unaltered proving that deficit in social recognition memory was not due disrupted olfactory perception (Feinberg et al.

Hypothyroidism. The relationship is not really clear. Hypothyroidism can cause edema. MacKay-sims and Beard think Peripheral neuropathy may be a cause of olfactory disorders. Thyroxine is necessary for normal development of the Nervous System including the make of new olfactory receptor neuron. Hypothyroidism ruins the growth of the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory disorders are commonly caused by upper respiratory tract infections. It is unclear rather subjectively smell and taste is from primary hypothyroidism