Oligodendrocyte

insulates the neuron, speeds up the transmission of impulses, and assists in axonal regeneration in the event of an injury. Neuroglial cells of the central nervous system are called oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes also provide myelin, to insulate neurons and speed up transmission of impulses, but oligodendrocytes do not assist in regeneration. 5. Describe the role of neurotransmitters in the function of neurons. Neurotransmitters are required for an action potential in one cell to be transmitted

peroxisome leads to the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in several areas (several areas of what?) including the central nervous tissue(CNS). The accumulation of VLCFA is toxic leading to the death of neuroglial cells like the oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Astrocytes in normal conditions regulate the composition of the blood-barrier in the central nervous system; The olygodendorocytes form the myelin sheath that covers the axons and facilitate the effective propagation of action

There are four different patterns of inflammation in the white matter that is associated with individuals with multiple sclerosis (Lassmann et. al. 2007).The first pattern of inflammation is associated with the demyelination caused by macrophage activity. This pattern of inflammation is characterized by perivascular demyelination with radial expansion and extensive remyelination. The second pattern of inflammation demyelination is associated with antibody and complement activity. The lesions exhibited

The brain resides in the cranium, and is a perplex organ of several tissue layers and neural networks (Tang-Schomer, et al., 2014). Some parts of the brain include the cerebral cortex and thalamus, which support cognition and relay signals, respectively. Furthermore, the brain is responsible for both autonomic and somatic bodily mechanisms (OpenStax College, 2013). Considering the diversity of structural functions within the brain, the brain’s overall function is an executive one that controls the

macrophages, B cells and more T cells. This massive cellular infiltration and subsequent inflammation is eventually responsible of oligodendrocytes death, demyelination, and axonal degeneration. During remyelination, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) migrate from the subventricular zone to the inflammatory lesions, proliferate and differentiate into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. OPCs proliferation is induced by factors secreted by microglia and astrocytes that are activated by lesion formation, while

Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that can be found in soil, feces, and water. There are four major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and iota) and five strains of C. perfringens (A-E) that cause a variety of symptoms such as food poisoning, gas gangrene, and severe neurological disease in sheep and other ruminants. The latter will be the primary focus of this research paper. Epsilon toxin (ETX) produced by Clostridium perfringens causes central nervous system disease

metabolism can be observed prior to the onset of Alzheimer’s, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia21. Furthermore, studies have shown that myelination slows down during childhood before resuming in late adolescence10, and others have demonstrated that oligodendrocytes developing later in life become more vulnerable22. These two studies corroborate the hypotheses of a meticulous myelin structure role in psychiatric disorders which often presents themselves in late adolescence. White matter alteration in

of proteins and phospholipids forming a whitish insulating sheath around many nerve fibers, increasing the speed that impulses are sent. It is made by schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Multiple sclerosis attacks the oligodendrocytes and the myelin sheaths causing some very serious problems for people diagnosed with it. The disease affects motor, sensory, and autonomic nerves and has been seen to affect cognitive functions. Females are

environmental and genetic factors is likely responsible for its development. MS occurs when one’s immune system attacks the fatty protein myelin, which insulates and protects the axons of oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord. Damage to this sheath can cause the miscommunication between these oligodendrocytes and the rest of the body, and additionally causes painful and debilitating symptoms. The severity of these symptoms varies from one person to another and is dependent on the extent of

extracellular matrix and on cell surfaces. Myelin-associated inhibitors of neurite outgrowth, found on oligodendrocytes, represent a significant obstacle to the process of cortical reorganization that occurs during recovery from infarction. Recent research has identified the mechanisms by which these inhibitors act in the setting of stroke, paving the