Oligodendrocyte

TNF-alpha, IL-1-alpha and C1q. (1) These induced A1’s produce large volumes of pro-inflammatory substances which cause the astrocytes to lose the ability to help neurons survive and grow connections. Instead, they induce the death of neurons and oligodendrocytes, the cells that help to grow the myelin sheath that insulates connections between neurons (2). On the other hand, A2s are induced by oxygen deprivation in the brain, which occurs during strokes. A2’s produce substances supporting neuron growth

Throughout the United States, hundreds of thousands of people suffer from multiple sclerosis, a progressive disease in which the body attacks itself (Burtchell, 2015). Many researchers have been looking into this disease for the last couple decades to try and determine what causes it. Unfortunately, no one has yet found a cause for the disease, but researchers are getting close to possible therapies and, hopefully one day, cures for multiple sclerosis, or MS. The newest and most quickly advancing

Current Research Script: Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It causes affected people to have hallucinations and delusions, lack of motivation and content, and problems with understanding and using information. Schizophrenia follows a somewhat complex inheritance pattern. The cause for this disorder is from many genes working together to create these symptoms. Alone, these genes couldn’t have a significant impact on the phenotype. Because

by cell processed of oligodendrocytes inside the primary fearful gadget and Schwann cells inside the peripheral nervous gadget. Myelin sheaths are again and again wrapped round axon segments to form tightly wrapped cellular membranes. Myelin sheaths prevent nearly all electric current go with the flow through the cellular membrane. Gaps exist between the myelin sheaths known as the nodes of Ranvier. it can be visible approximately every millimeter between the oligodendrocyte segments or between man

control of excretion of bodily function) (Miller, 2012). There are many different mechanisms involved in MS that increase the disease 's complexity (Miller, 2012). The different mechanisms are the blood brain barrier, astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes/axons (Miller, 2012). The blood brain barrier is a selective membrane that transports blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue and allows diffusion of certain molecules due to the selective membrane (Miller, 2012). Astrocytes are star shaped

immune response to pathogen invasion or tissue damage most likely to be caused by Infectious bacteria, Traumatic brain injury (TBI), or toxic metabolites. The nervous system contains neurons and glial cells composed of astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells in the Central nervous system (CNS), and Schwann cells, satellite cells in Peripheral nervous system (PNS). The glial cells are non-neuronal cells that help to form myelin, maintain homeostasis, provide support for neurons with

the muscles and organs of the body. The CNS is encased with bones while the PNS is not usually encased with bones and it touches other parts of the body. Axons in the PNS are myelinated by Schwann cells while cells in the CNS are myelinated by oligodendrocytes. 2. The cerebral cortex is the cerebrum’s outer layer. It is divided into four lobes, the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. 3. The cerebrum is the largest and most rostral part of the brain. It is separated into

Peripheral neuropathy involves damage to the peripheral nervous system which serves as a major communication network for the brain, the spinal cord other parts of the body. Peripheral nerves are responsible for sending sensory information such as “cold feet” back to the brain. It is also responsible for sending signals from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles to elicit movement. There are more than 100 types of peripheral neuropathy and each is classified based on the type of damage on the

Introduction: According to the World Health Organisation, around the world, between 250,000 and 500,000 people suffer from spinal cord injuries. People living with these spinal cord injuries are said to be 40% more likely to die prematurely than those who do not suffer from these particular injuries. One possible treatment that can be applied is the use of embryonic stem cells to help treat patients with spinal cord injuries. Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs), as their name suggest, are derived from

Specialists focus on trying to manage relapses in patients with relapsing forms of MS. During remissions, after relapses, the body works to repair areas that have been damaged. Negative feedback works to restore homeostasis in the CNS by releasing oligodendrocytes to start repairing demyelinated axons. Despite hard work by the CNS to restore complete myelination there are still some parts of the axon that remain unlyelinaated. These parts of the axon produce more sodium channels that open during action