Oocyte

Several physiological, biochemical, nutritional, structural and morphological studies have been carried on avian eggs, and most of these have utilized the egg of the domestic chicken. (1) Due to its availability and commercial importance as a nutritious food for human consumption, avian eggs can feasibly be studied in vitro and in vivo. Egg proteins are nutritionally complete with a great balance of essential amino acids, which are demanded to build and to repair the cells in muscles and other body

in the epididymis via Liver X Receptors (LXR) is a significant factor in maintaining male fertility. Cholesterol during sperm maturation in the epididymis Sperm from the seminiferous tubules of the testis are immotile and unable to fertilize an oocyte. Epididymal maturation, a process in which severe surface protein and lipid modifications take place (Caballero et al., 2010). Changes to the sperm plasma membrane that occur during epididymal transit include

Robert G. Edwards – Development of In Vitro Fertilization Robert G. Edwards was born on September 27, 1925 in Batley, Yorkshire, UK. Before he got into the medical field, he served in World War II before studying biology at the University of Wales in Bangor and Edinburgh University in Scotland. There, he received a PhD in 1955 with a thesis on embryonal development in mice. In 1958, he became a staff scientist at the National Institute for Medical Research in London and initiated his

Cloning: Analysis of application to the human reproductive system and biological/ethical issues surrounding its use Cloning is the process of creating organisms that are genetically identical to it,s parent. The definition of cloning also includes nuclear transfer and stem cell cloning (ISPC). Cloning can occur naturally, such as in the case of identical twins; or artificially, via stem cell nuclear transfer. In addition to reproductive assistance, cloning methods such as ISPC are used to replace

Attainment of the differentiated state during the final stages of somatic cell differentiation is closely tied to cell cycle progression. Much less is known about the role of the cell cycle at very early stages of embryonic development. Here, we show that molecular pathways involving the cell cycle can be engineered to strongly affect embryonic stem cell differentiation at early stages in vitro. Strategies based on perturbing these pathways can shorten the rate and simplify the lineage path of ES

Reproductive physiology is comprised of many tightly coordinated functions of the endocrine system including the hypothalamus, pituitary and reproductive organs whose dynamic function plays several critical roles in growth and development as well was reproduction. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis plays a critical role in the development and regulation of the reproductive system. These tightly regulated functions within the pituitary must respond to continuously changing signals from the central

Water reabsorption is regulated by vasopressin since its release increases the water permeability of distal tubule and collecting duct cells in the kidney. After stimulation by vasopressin, aquaporin-2 (AQP2) accumulates in the plasma membrane of these target cells on the apical side. Aquaporin-2 is a water channel that allows water to be reabsorbed from the filtrate (urine), returned to the bloodstream and consequently concentrating urine. To this day, the trafficking mechanisms that recruit AQP2

Adam Murphy Dr. Thornton Genetics 10 October 2014 Reproductive Genetics In a post-genome age, reproductive genetics is becoming an increasingly pressing topic in the debate between advancements in genetic research and ethical policy. Today, parents are given an unprecedented amount of control over the future health of their children. Many different methods of genetic screening and prenatal testings are becoming more and more available to the public; however, due to the nuance

Regina Noel 10/19/2016 Epigenetics: Genetic and Non-Genetic Mechanisms of Inheritance When discussing the topic of genetics, it is typically viewed from the perspective of Mendelian inheritance in which genes are transmitted from parent to offspring solely through the use of genetic alleles, which are the alternative form of genes that have varying DNA sequences and chromosomes that affect the phenotype, visual gene trait (Toth. 2015). If and how a genetic trait is expressed is whether the alleles

Until recent years, the mitochondrial genome, located in the mitochondrion, and the genetic information encoded by it have been given little attention. However, recently it became apparent that the mitochondrial genome, despite its small size, is crucial for the study of human evolution and disease, as mtDNA mutations lead to some serious diseases. Mitochondrial DNA is just a small part of the genome. It is a double-stranded circular DNA molecule encoding sequences of 13 polypeptides, which are