Oxidative phosphorylation

Molecular Biology Final Exam TITLE Mechanistic Analysis of Biguanide-Induced Inhibition of Oxidative Phosphorylation ABSTRACT Biguanide compounds are used clinically to treat a variety of conditions ranging from diabetes to malaria. Despite showing efficacy the underlying mechanisms of how these compounds work is still debated. It has be previously shown biguanides inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, specifically through inhibiting complexes in the electron transport chain. In the current study

produces less reactive oxygen species (ROS), and it generates ATP more rapidly than oxidative phosphorylation, all of which are considered to facilitate rapid growth and survival (1). Besides inducing apoptosis and controlling the cell cycle, p53 has been demonstrated to be a central component and key regulator of the metabolic stress machinery. The metabolic balance between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation is heavily coordinated by p53 activity, which is activated by

release waste products. Glycolysis, Oxidation of Pyruvate, Citric Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation are the steps that help cells function properly. Glycolysis is the first step that takes place inside of the cytoplasm. The first half of glycolysis uses two ATP molecules in the phosphorylation of glucose, which is then split into two three-carbon molecules. The second half of glycolysis involves phosphorylation without ATP investment and produces two NADH and four ATP molecules per glucose

monoacylglycerol, a chain of fatty acids, peptides and amino acids, respectively. There are two ways that ATP is synthesized: 1. Oxidative Phosphorylation, the main method for energy production and the second is substrate level phosphorylation which is the transfer of a phosphoryl group and this method can happen both in the cytoplasma and mitochondria. In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons from the fuel molecules are removed by coenzymes, such as nicotinamide adenine and flavin adenine through protein

Substrate level phosphorylation that occurs in the citric cycle to make more ATP. The net result of the entire of cellular respiration with one glucose molecule is 32 ATP. Fermentation - A catabolic process that anaerobically creates lactic acid. Aerobic Respiration - Respiration

for making ATP in glycolysis is called substrate-level phosphorylation. The pyruvate molecules left at the end of glycolysis go on to the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria. At the end of the Krebs cycle, all of the carbon atoms of the glucose have been released as carbon dioxide, and more of the energy that was in the glucose molecule has been saved in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The last part of respiration is called oxidative phosphorylation, which also happens in the mitochondria.

activity. Malignant cancer cells invade and destroy organ infrastructure and replace it with disorganized and damaging cells. (1) The metabolic preference of cancer cells is wide ranging with cervical and glioma cells maintaining a normal oxidative phosphorylation and others exhibiting the switch to glycolysis. (2) This metabolic switch exhibits the adaptation to environmental changes and the tumor’s energy needs and activity. Overall, the carcinogenic process that defines each malignant tumor determines

energy conversion and transfer. In particular, the study concentrates on structures acquired using X-ray craystallography, molecular mechanisms of the photosynthesis processes, bacteria respiration, mitochondrial, transport, motility and oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, areas of structural biology, spectroscopy, molecular modelling and biophysics of the system applications are not left out while studying the specific chemical process of a disease. Bioenergetics further spans in the biology

There are four types of biomolecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are large chains of sugar found in food and living tissues. This includes sugars, starch, and cellulose. They have the same ratio of hydrogen and oxygen that water has, 2:1. They are broken down to release energy in the animal body. Lipids are any organic compounds that are fatty acids and don’t dissolve in water but do in organic solvents. Fatty acids can be found in natural oils, waxes, and steroids

Glycolysis, the breaking down of glucose, occurs in all organisms. It yields 2 pyruvate (3 carbon sugar), 2 NADH and 4 ATP (2 net) per molecule of glucose. During aerobic respiration the Pyruvate enters the Citric acid cycle in which 6 CO2 (1 molecule of glucose has 6 carbons), 2 ATP, 8 NADH and 2 FADH are produced. NADH and FADH are high energy electron carriers. During the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) this energy is used to establish a proton gradient which powers the enzyme ATPSynthase