P53

Traditional and modern approaches to cancer therapy all act by exploiting some molecular abnormality that distinguishes cancer cells from healthy living cells. Cancer cells often acquire defects in the cell-cycle control systems that normally respond to DNA damage by activating apoptosis (programmed cell death) hence cancerous cells continue to grow and multiply despite containing faulty DNA, making them genetically unstable. Genetic instability may refer to any combination of genome mutations that

One of these genes is p53 which helps to control apoptosis and the cell cycle.3 In sarcomas p53 complexes with MDM2 which causes p53 to lose its normal function.3 In neurofibrosarcomas, a mutation of the NF-1 gene can inhibit tumor suppression.3 In almost all forms of sarcomas the lack of expression of FUS1 occurs.4 Another common

Through the lifetime, cells in our bodies get damaged and die. The damaged cells need to be replaced to help our bodies continue functioning. Thus, it makes the cell cycle a very important function that makes cells replicate themselves. The cell cycle is controlled and regulated by checkpoints in the end of G1, G2 and during Metaphase in M. The checkpoint G1 checks if the cell should go through the cell division cycle and whether it has appropriate growth factor. If a cell passes the checkpoint

About 12,820 new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed in America every year (5). This is out of the 1,685,210 people diagnosed with cancer every year. About 39.6% of the US population will contract cancer in their lifetime (10). With so many people affected by cancer, it is beneficial to understand how cancer works. However, cancer is a very complex disease that scientists are still trying to understand themselves. Moreover, cancer can be a very frightening disease because of its difficulty

Exploring the Damaging Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Yeast Cells Abstract: Saccharomyces cerevisae, or baker's yeast, is an example of a model organism to further explore the mechanisms of the human body, and other organisms. Ultraviolet radiation has a damaging effect on human cells, and sunscreen is often used as a means of protection from the UV radiation. Cultures of yeast were irradiated with an ultraviolet light under different standards of SPF sunscreen protection. The purpose of

The p53 protein’s primary function is to protect an organism against proliferation of cells containing damaged DNA, this is done in several ways, including cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.43, 44 MDM2 has been shown to be the principal negative regulator of p53, inhibiting its tumour suppressing abilities and thus leading to tumour propagation. To this end disruption of the MDM2/p53 interface is an attractive strategy in cancer therapeutics.45

Denotatively, a tumor suppressor gene is, “a gene whose partial or complete inactivation, occurring in either the germ line or the genome of a somatic cell, leads to an increased likelihood of cancer development.” Somatic cells, or cells of the body, are produced by cell division, making identical copies of the cells as they divide. To reproduce, a parent cell must execute an orderly sequence of reactions, through which it duplicates its contents and divides in two. This critical process of duplication

Its function is regulated by dopaminergic and glutaminergic receptors. When stimulated by dopaminergic receptors it is a potent inhibitor of PP1α (Hemmings, 1984). In contrast, when stimulated by glutaminergic receptors, the inhibitory activity of DARPP-32 against PP1 is reduced (Halpain, 1990). DARPP-32 is regulated by brain-derived neurotropic factor as well as the Akt pathway and CDK5/p35 pathway (Stroppolo, 2001) (Bogush, 2007). Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor 2 Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor

Introduction Human chromosomes are incredibly complex, containing a variety of different structures necessary to maintain its function; one of these is called a Telomere and is found at the ends of the chromosomes. Telomeres contain thousands of repeats of the repetitive TTAGGG DNA sequence; this is combined with a complex enzyme known as telomerase. Furthermore, the function of this ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex is to maintain telomere length in cancer cells by adding TTAGGG repeats onto the

ariam Alam U0828912 #1 OBSERVATIONS: I remember in my high school Biology class we learned that some Ultraviolet Exposure is good for our health, which led me to wonder why certain wavelengths of radiation are harmful while others are not. #2 QUESTIONS: Why are certain wavelengths (gamma rays & X-rays) of radiation damage DNA and not others? Can DNA be repaired when damaged? #3 HYPOTHESIS: Some wavelengths of radiation are more harmful due to difference is energy and photons which may