Packet switching

number of duplicate packets generated due to the Flooding Routing technique?. Answers; Techniques used to avoid flood duplication. 1. Include HOP COUNTER in the header packet which decrement at each hop along the path 2. Keep tracking of packed that have been flooded, to avoid sending them a second time. Where Source Router puts a sequence number in each packet it receives from its hosts. 3. Use selective flooding. In selective flooding the routers do not send every incoming packet out on every output

from the network layer of the OSI model and is then encapsulated through the data portion of the frame relay frame. Once this is done, the frame is then sent to the physical layer for delivery. Within the packet there will be an address field that includes the DLCI and checksum to show where the packet needs to go. Another alternative to a

The Internet in the year 2009. We send e-mails, make calls over the internet and discuss topics we take an interest in. Even our banking is going virtual. But what we take for granted today was only a vague idea fifty years ago. In order to understand how we got this far Let’s go back to 1957, when everything began. Before 1957 computers only worked on one task at a time. This is called batch processing. Of course, this was quite ineffective. With computers getting bigger and bigger they had to be

The Web Application is used to view and interact with the smart agricultural system. The webpages are served from the Webserver and consist of HTML, CSS, JS, and JSON files. The HTML and CSS files are used for the webpages content and layout, the Javascript performs the webpages backend processing, and JSON is used for data. The Web Application performs most of its interaction with the Sensor Network through JSON files are passed between the Webserver and the Web Application. The JSON files contain

Abstract— Vehicular networks or VANET announce as the communication networks of the future, where the mobility is the main idea. These networks should be able to interconnect vehicles. The optimal goal is that these networks will contribute to safer roads and more effective in the future by providing timely information to drivers and concerned authorities. They are therefore vulnerable to many types of attacks among them the black hole attack. In this attack, a malicious node disseminates spurious

Since its advent the Internet has been making its way into very farfetched corners of the world, allowing people to virtually reduce distances. Now the Internet was based on a notion called IP (Internet Protocol), Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) to be exact. Now as the number of computer connected to the Internet grows, the amount of numbers in the IPv4 protocol was finite. Simply put, there are 2^32 useful addresses in IPv4 (subtracting the loopback and the non-routable). With all the connected

service must fulfil source end to destination end data packet transfer without packet loss. Data packets routed between a sender node (source) and a receiver node (destination) of a MANET often traverse along a path spanning multiple links, which is known as the multihop path. To accomplish availability and reliability network routing protocols should be prevailing compared to jamming attacks. The trustworthiness of distributing data packets from end to end using multi-hop intermediary nodes is a

Chapter 3: Process analysis COMFY SHOES INC Comfy Shoes Inc builds shoes tailored to meet each individual customer’s needs. Customers who visit the downtown offices of Comfy Shoes in Philadelphia can choose one or more of the following four custom-tailoring services. Customers receive their shoes in the mail within a week of their initial visit. Service Description Time Resource used A. Walking Basics Take measurements for basic walking shoes. 12 min. 1 attendant B. Walking Plus Choose

No | Problem Statement | PS1 | No policy to prevent from smurf6 attack | PS2 | Low knowledge in IPv6 technology | 3. Literature ReviewBroadcast Address Broadcast address is a reserved address that is for sending message and data packets to all machines on the network segment. A broadcast address is a MAC destination address of all machines. But, in Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), broadcast are not supported. Generally IPv6 sends a multicast message to each machines on the network

Are We Safe! How a network can be attacked Types of attacks There are numerous types of attacks, some of these are: Virus A virus is a software program that is designed to replicate between computers and affect the operation of the computer. A computer virus is similar to a human virus. A virus is a software program that is able to corrupt and delete data from the computer. The virus can be transferred from one pc to another through an email as an attachment. Trojans A Trojan horse is a