Penicillin

universally known gram-positive bacterium and is most commonly found in infections. It is also known to have an ability to evolve and adapt to antibiotics such as penicillin and methicillin. S. aureus was regularly treated with penicillin up until the point it obtained a resistance to penicillin around 1948. This occurrence caused the switch from penicillin to methicillin to treat infections with S. aureus. However, over time Streptococcus aureus gained and developed several strains that are resistant to methicillin

Alaina Thomas English Comp. 2 Professor Sheets 3/2/2016 Improper Antibiotic Use Antibiotics have been the answer to many bacterial infections for the past 70 years (Antibiotic/ Antimicrobial Resistance). Antibiotics are “medicines used to treat infections or diseases caused by bacteria” (“What are Antibiotics?”). Antibiotics were prescribed to cure many diseases. Doctors prescribed many antibiotics during World War II. World War II was the start of the antibiotic era. Just when antibiotics were

Did you know that penicillin was discovered by axidence? Penicillin is an antibiotic agents that can kill mold and bacteria. Three interesting things about penicillin is how it was discovered, how and why it was used during World War 2, and why it is good. Who penicillin was discovered. Penicillin was first discovered by a Medical Student named Ernest Duchesne in 1896. Penicillin then was re-discovered by a Bacteriologist named Alexander Fleming in 1928. “One day Alexander Fleming left for vacation

humans. Unevolved strains are susceptible to nearly all antibiotics (Chambers & DeLeo, 2009). Among the many antibiotic options, penicillin is particularly effective against S. Aureus. This is due to the mechanism of action by which penicillin replaces key structures in the bacterial cell wall that are essential to growth and repair. By preventing this cell maintenance, penicillin promotes osmotic instability in the cell and greatly increases the likelihood of cell death (Strominger & Tipper 1965). In

The discovery of antibiotics is arguably the greatest contribution to modern medicine. The widespread use of antibiotics along with vaccines had paved the way for the treatment and cure for many of the otherwise fatal bacteria diseases and this led to a decline in the mortality rates in the mid-20th century. The use of antibiotics in medicine today to treat diseases have not all been met with positive outcomes. As a matter of fact, its relative ease of access and abundance has given rise to a major

War II was the impetus for the industrial production of penicillin. Although the chemical was discovered in 1928, wartime governments desired its antibiotic properties to heal soldiers. Penicillin was an upgrade to previously used antibiotics, its manufacturing process was revolutionary, and it caused implications in patent rights. A group of Oxford scientists built upon the discovery by Alexander Flemming in order to mass produce penicillin. In the course of his research, Sir Flemming noticed that

The penicillin molecule is an anomaly in terms of structure. It is composed of a six ring carbon at one end, then a methylene, then a carbonyl group attached to an amine, but the unusual aspect of the molecule is the four-membered ring, called the β-lactam ring, connected to the five-membered ring at the other end as it results in uncommon and unfavored bond angles. Five-membered rings are common, but since regular bond angles are 109.5, 120, and 180 degrees for a small atom, and a square consists

standard treatment for Staphylococcus aureus was penicillin. During the 1940s, Staphylococcus aureus was consistently responsive towards penicillin (Walters,2015). The amplified use of penicillin encouraged the evolution of Staphylococcus aureus to become resistant to penicillin during the late 1940s and into the 1950s (History,2016). The lessened impact of penicillin led to the demand for Methicillin, the first semisynthetic antistaphloccal penicillin, which was introduced in 1959 (Carrel,2015). Methicillin

semi-synthetic beta-lactam antibiotic and beta-lactamase inhibitor. It is widely used in clinical settings because of broad spectrum bacterial coverage and low toxic effect. Piperacillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding one or more penicillin-binding proteins. Tazobactam is a beta-lactamase inhibitor and it exhibits synergy against many beta-lactamase-producing bacteria and extends the spectrum of activity of piperacillin. The common side effects we seen in Zosyn include pruritus, rash

that is an outer lipid membrane that does not contain the Gram strain. Yet at the same time while Kanamycin was the most effective the Ampicillin and Penicillin had reactions as well. The Ampicillin would kill both Gram-positive and Gram-negative so this could indicate that there are Gram-negative bacteria in the lawn, but the fact that the Penicillin worked as well was what was interesting. This means that this bacterial lawn contains both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive are