Phage display

create a knock out gene. CRISPR/CAS 3, 9 and 10 were discovered in archaea and bacteria and they were felt to be the adaptive immune system of bacteria and archaea against bacterial phages and F-plasmids and viruses. It is considered an adaptive immune system since they discovered that bacteria with resistance to multiple phages had multiple inserts that offered immunity and in particular it was this Cas 3,9 and 10 protein that offered immunity by cleaving out the invading DNA. The technique is much more

Additionally, CRISPR-Cas mediated immunity develops through the intake of DNA from genetic elements such as plasmids and phages followed by its incorporation into the CRISPR loci. It is within the CRISPR loci where the small interfering RNAs are processed and transcribed that aid the nucleases for precise cleavage of corresponding sequences. Interestingly enough, recognizing

UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES BIOT7018 BIOLOGICS Assignment 1 – (Weeks 1, 2, 3 & 4) SECTION A Subjective Questions associated with Lecture Material 1. What is the difference between a pharmaceutical and a biologic? 2.5 marks Pharmaceuticals are small molecules manufactured in machines, while biologics are big molecules made in living cells. Pharmaceutical copies are called generics while for biologics the term is a biosimilar. Why is the naming different

Listen to the audio clip below. What would you do? And Then We Knew This particular audio clip deals with a couple Karen and Don, who had previous genetic tests done that revealed that Don was a carrier for a certain genetic trait that causes retardation. They did not say what trait he was a carrier for just that he was a carrier. Then fast forward, the couple learns there are pregnant and because Don is a carrier for a particular trait I am assuming a well-known cause of mental retardation, they

niche. One such group of antimicrobials contains the proteinaceous compounds called bacteriocins. This study focuses on a specific group of bacteriocins called tailocins. These are particles that are evolutionarily related to tails of bacteriophages (phages) or viruses that infect bacteria. Tailocins fall under two different groups, F-type and R-type. Both groups target only bacterial cells, and have narrow specificity. Hence they are predicted to

The bacteria can cause small skin infections or severe infections in vital organs. Infections are most common in the hospital setting. S. aureus has developed resistance to antibiotics in the form of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which displays strong virulent factors and exemplifies the need for novel medications to treat bacterial infections. Current research has examined several options for potential drug treatments as well as vaccine development. Advances in genetic sequencing techniques

cognate antitoxin, but can impact cell physiology in several ways when the antitoxin is removed through proteolytic degradation. TA systems were first identified as assisting in plasmid maintenance via post-segregational killing (2,3), as well as in phage exclusion, where expression of the toxin sacrifices some infected cells to preserve the larger population (4). Subsequently, the identification of chromosomal TA systems led to a re-evaluation of their physiological significance, including their potential

thermophilus 2. Description of non-pathogen: Streptococcus thermophilus is a gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic, cocci bacterium typically found in pairs or chains (2). It is catalase, oxidase, and cytochrome-negative, is unable to form spores, and does not display motility (1). As its name suggests, Streptococcus thermophilus is a thermophile that can grow at temperatures between 35° C and 42° C, but thrives at the top of that range (8). Streptococcus thermophilus is primarily used as a starter culture for

Question 4 Infliximab is the first TNF antagonist approved by FDA (1999) and EU (1998). It was formed by chimeric IgG1 antibody and show outstanding treatment effect against Crohn’s disease. It neutralise the biological activity of TNF-α by binding with high affinity to the soluble and transmembrane forms of TNF-α, and inhibits the effective bind of TNF-α with its receptor. It falls in the class of “anti-TNF antibodies” and have the capability of lysing cells involved in the inflammatory process

Storage conditions and maintenance: Antibodies shelf life varies from weeks to years and hence depends largely on its storage conditions. They must be stored at an appropriate temperature, ph and in the presence of 50% glycerol or sucrose at -20°C in order to retain its activity and prevent aggregation [18]. Sodium Azide: Sodium Azide is an antimicrobial agent that prevents the growth of bacteria in the serum or purified antibody. It is stored at 4°C. Short term and long term storage: Serum can