Plasma membrane

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    fungal cell membrane is double membranous and contains proteins but a distinguishable characteristic is the presence

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    Membranes and Their Functions Membranes form boundaries both around the cell (the plasma membrane) and around distinct sub cellular compartments (e.g. nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.). They act as selectively permeable barriers allowing the inside environment of the cell or the organelle to differ from that outside. Membranes are involved in signaling processes; they contain specified receptors for external stimuli and are involved in both chemical and electrical

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    Chapter 2 IB Biology 2.1 Cell Theory 2.1.1 Outline the cell theory (2). • All organisms are composed of one or more cells • Cells are the smallest units of life • All cells come from preexisting cells • TOK: cell theory replaces the former ideas of spontaneous generation or abiogenesis in which inanimate matter assembles itself into living forms • Exception: muscle cells- more than 1 nucleus, very long; (fungal cells) hyphae roots- not a single unit; protoctista- not specialized to single

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    other substances out of Its surface. It also functions as a membrane to support the cell and maintain its appropriate shape.The cell membrane is primarily structured of a combination of proteins and lipids that lead to the accurate cell functions. lipids provide membranes flexibility and proteins. They also maintain the cell's adequate atmosphere and assist in the transfer of necessary molecules located at all around the membrane. Cell membrane lipids are classified in phospholipids, Cholesterol and

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    including: reproduction, nutrient digestion, and metabolism. The cell has many components including the nucleus, cytoplasm, many organelles, and a plasma membrane. The nucleus contains all of the genetic material and genes, which are found in the DNA. The nucleus is the control center of the cell as it is key for cell reproduction. The nucleus is surrounded in a membrane called the nuclear envelope for protection and regulation of materials in and out of the nucleus. Cytoplasm is what all of the cell contents

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    that remain outside the plasma membrane Animal cells produce elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) This layer holds cells together in tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane Main components of ECM are, glycoproteins, proteins bonded with cars The most abundant glycoprotein is collagen, which forms strong fibers outside the cell ECM many attach to the cell through other glycoproteins that then bind to membrane proteins called integrins Integrins span the membrane attaching on the other

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    nerve problems Body Cavities: -Dorsal: Protects nervous system -Subdivisions: Cranial (brain) & Vertebral (Spinal Cord) -Ventral: Holds internal organs -Subdivisions: Thoracic (ribcage) & Abdominopelvic (Abdomen and pelvis) Serous Membrane: - Double layered membrane that is separated by fluid - Parietal: lines body walls -Visceral: lines internal organs Regions: Nine Regions: - Right Hypochondriac Region: Organs found in this region are

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    DNA is confined to a definite area within the cell enclosed by a Nuclear envelope. Prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotic cells and their cells do not have a true nucleus. Prokaryote DNA is not enclosed by a membrane. ORGANELLE STRUCTURE FUNCTION PLANT OR ANIMAL Nucleus Within the cell membrane Site of the nuclear material-the DNA both Nucleolus Inside nucleus Manufacture of ribosomes both Mitochondrion Numerous in cytoplasm. Up to 1000 per cell. Aerobic respiration both Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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    Signaling”). Receptors bind to signal molecules that act as ligands, molecules that bind to another molecule which cause the receptor to change shapes (“Cell Signaling”; Urry et al. 109). Receptors are usually transmembrane proteins located on the plasma membrane which includes enzyme-linked receptors, ion channel receptors, and G-protein coupled receptors. These receptors use the signals received to affect the function of the cell without harming the cell. Enzyme-linked proteins are typically activated

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    Introduction to Plasmodium species Most symptoms caused by Plasmodium falciparum range from headaches and fever to the possibilities of coma and even death. Transmission of this parasite is due to a bite from a female Anopheles mosquito. Once transmitted, the sporozoite is passed into the circulatory system, which is then advantageous to the parasite as it readily invades hepatocytes. From this point, the life cycle continues and malaria results from infection. A total of five species can infect

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