Polysaccharide

Name: Vihang Rangrej Student number: 43620348 Due date: 4th October 2016 Word count:   1. Introduction In the race to develop alternatives in the recent era, chitin and derivatives has showed an immense potential of being used as an alternate polysaccharide source and as a biopolymer in various sectors spanned from medical and food processing to waste management. Chitin gets its name from the Greek word, ‘Chiton’, the meaning of which is a coat of mail. It first surfaced in 1811, used by Bradconnot

called Benedict 's solution to give a brick red color (positive). We can use this reaction to find out if a food or other substance contains a reducing sugar. The standard used for reducing sugar was glucose, and the control group was water. Polysaccharides are relatively complex carbohydrates. They are polymers made up of many monosaccharides joined together by glycoside bonds. They are therefore very large, often branched, macromolecules. They tend to be amorphous, insoluble in water, and have

alternative materials, requires less energy, and minimizes pollutants in industrial effluents, as well as being more economically useful due to its reduced costs (Martins et al., 2011) (1). Agro-industrial wastes are at most composed of complex polysaccharides that might serve as nutrients for microbial growth and production of enzymes, several microorganisms are capable of using

CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 ______ The fungal cell wall plays an important role in the physiological adaptation of the organism in its environment. The yeast’s cell wall serves several essential functions for the such as the ability to hold its shape, the regulation of water flow into and out of the cell, and the prevention of foreign bodies that might be toxic from entering.1 It constantly changes during cell division, growth and morphogenesis; this dynamic feature dictates the organism’s protection

monomers, which are easier for our cells to absorb. This study was conducted to show how polysaccharides are broken down by organisms to absorb nutrients through hydrolysis. We used different methods to

Biuret’s will turn purple if proteins are present and blue if they are none. Biuret’s copper particles, have a charge of +2, are diminished to a charge of +1 when peptide bonds, which are in proteins, are present, creating the color change. Polysaccharides, which are carbohydrates, are most notably known to provide energy to the body, but they also help in breaking down fatty acids. Iodine is the reagent used to determine whether a substance has starch in it. The iodine/starch complex has energy

3.2 Chemistry of chitin Similar to its polysaccharide nature, Chitin has a similar chemical structure as that of cellulose. It is reported to be a polymer with high molecular weight of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units which are linked by β-D bonds, which has 1000-3000 units (Shahidi & Abuzaytoun 2005). In similarity with cellulose, chitin has an acetamido group at its C2 postion unlike cellulose which has a hydroxyl group (Shahidi & Abuzaytoun 2005). Figure 1 shows the structure of chitin, its derivative

composed of a single molecule such as glucose, fructose, or galactose. Two monossaccharides make a disaccharide, which is the second classification. The most common disaccharide is sucrose, also known as table salt. The third classification is polysaccharides, which is

by the type of carbonyl (C=0) group they have. Carbohydrates with an aldehyde (CH=0) group are termed aldoses, whereas those with keto (C=0) groups are known as ketoses (Champe, Harvey and Ferrier, 2005). Disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides contain monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide consumed by humans, however, two other important monosaccharides: fructose and galactose, occur in significant amounts in the

Macromolecules are made from monomers which come together through dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis to create the polymer or macromolecule. Carbohydrates are made from monosaccharides which are shaped like hexagons and come together to make polysaccharides which provide quick energy, structural support for plants (cellulose in cell walls) and are also found as chitin in the exoskeletons of arthropods. Lipids are made from glycerol and three fatty acids and are found in two different forms-unsaturated