Pope Gregory XV

her virginity to the Roman ruler, Diocletian. According to my resources, Philomena died at 3:00 in the afternoon just like Jesus. Immediately following, she appealed to Pope Gregory XVI to begin an examination for the patron of Filmena which means daughter of light. On January 13, 1837, Pope Gregory XVI named

Opening his narrative of St. Macrina, St. Gregory begins with the justification of why her story is being told. St. Gregory, St. Macrina’s brother, sets out to create an account that is both “artless and simple,” but rather, produces a rich, detailed expression of admiration and praise (77). According to St. Gregory, Macrina was the spiritual leader in their family, using her knowledge of Scripture and philosophy to motivate her family and others to cast off the illusion of a material life. With

Throughout time the relationship between church and state has been changing. Church and state should have absolute separation. In the middle ages, the pope was essentially the king, and that ended in drama between popes and actual kings, as well as the line between politics and religion being blurred. Church should not be involved in state because the church leader is then at significant risk of devaluing one or the other, and state should not be involved in church as it was during Charlemagne’s

pleas and negotiating with nobles. Matilda played a lesser role in foreign politics than her husband. She did, however, maintain contacts with the Church. She sent gifts to French abbots and German hermits along with open contact with Pope Gregory VII. Pope Gregory VII encouraged Matilda to bring her husband closer to the church where the Pope’s could keep a

men claiming to be pope. One man elected in Rome, one in Avignon, France, and one elected by the Council of Pisa. This was very detrimental to the Catholic theology which states that it can trace every pope back to St. Peter, the first pope. The Catholic faithful were not sure which of the three men was the true pope and which, if any of them, they should listen to. It was a very confusing time for all the faithful living in this time, and a very annoying situation for the true pope who was now seen

of 1059, therefore he would have considered Honorius II the real pope as elected by Henry IV. Therefore, when Berthold records the event he doesn’t regard Bishop Anselm as the real pope, accusing him of illegally taking control of the papacy. This account of the papal schism would therefore lean towards the favor of Henry IV. In Berthold’s second version of the account he changes his opinion, “Bishop Cadalus of Parma was elected pope by an act of simony, since many bribes were given to certain persons”

Cardinal Cossa deserted his allegiance to Pope Gregory XII during the Western Schism and convened the Council of Pisa. His main objective was to end the schism. They tried deposing of Pope Gregory XII and Antipope Benedict XIII by electing another Pope, Pope Alexander V in 1409. Gregory and Benedict ignored this decision, so now there were three popes. Pope Alexander V died soon after which made way for Baldassare himself. Baldassare Cossa was consecrated as Pope John XXIII in 1410. As friend and supporter

the empire and popes ruled. As time passed, however, people began to see popes as corrupted by their authority over everything and everyone leading to revolts and

its constituents. Two Popes in the Roman Catholic church, Pope Francis and Pope Pius IX, have published documents with opposing viewpoints about the church’s ability to change and transform over time. The aforementioned documents also highlight other issues commonly debated within the church. Ultimately, Pope Francis favors a more progressive church, that is opento change, while Pope Pius IX favors a church with more rigid guidelines that follow traditional practices. Pope Francis’ “Apostolic Exhortation

governed more cogently. Francis could no longer handle the duties of overseeing so many people, so Pope Honorius III required him to bring more organization to the order. At this time, Francis appointed Peter of Catanii as minister general to oversee the order. Within a year, Francis wrote a more formal letter to govern the order. Over the next few years, he would debate and revise the rule. In 1223, Pope Honorius III approved the Third Order. The Beginning of the End Over the next few years, his health