Proportional representation

Introduction This paper discusses the crucial issue of electoral systems and their peculiar utility to the effective representation in the national legislature (and even the executive) of the diverse interests within the state. This discussion is in no way novel as it has been one of the most age-old and fundamental questions in the study of politics. Controversially, it can be said that before the question of how the state and state sovereignty (popularly led by John Locke and Thomas Hobbes) gained

some parties a disproportionate amount of legislative power while leaving others with none. Opponents contend that other electoral systems would be far superior and provide a better democracy. Proportional representation (PR) is usually cited as the best alternative; the debate of proportional representation versus plurality often hinges on the balance between fairness and efficiency. Without attempting the political calculus to determine the rate at which fairness should be sacrificed for efficiency

but rather indicate perception of an opportunity to trade votes for material profit or favour. 4.0 Forms of Elections There are many electoral systems throughout the world and there is little consensus as to which is the best with regard to representation, broader participation, democratic governance, stability and legitimacy. An electoral system, or simply a

and the electoral system. The Green Party is a minor party, and thus its representation in parliament depends on the way in which representation is gained. If for example a state has a clear two-party system, then evidently it will be almost impossible for any minor party to gain any level of representation, let alone a sizeable one. In Italy, there is a system of proportional representation, where the number of seats that a party is set to gain is directly linked to

Literature review Should extremist groups be allowed to have a voice in EU politics? • Who are their leaders? / • Who are the current right wing extreme parties? / • What are their policies? / • Who votes for the extreme parties?/ • What are the electoral systems?/ Who are the current extreme parties? Daily mail - Content.Time.com-Europa.EU 08/09/15 The B.N.P believes that we should leave the E.U and they would also pay all none whites to go back to their country of origin. S.V.P is

system leads to different outcomes as it’s a proportional system which means the proportion of seats won by the candidates and the votes they received are proportional. For example in Scotland in 2007 the SNP received 31% of the votes and won 47 seats and Labour won 29.2% of the votes and won 46 seats. This means that often political parties are rewarded with a fair share of the seats for the votes they obtained, also in AMS the outcome is made more proportional by its constituency list top up, thus making

A presidential government does not depend on legislative majority to exist. A semi-presidential government does depend on legislative majority to exist and has a popularly elected official. A parliamentary government only depends on a legislative majority. A government in a parliamentary system is composed of a prime minister and the cabinet. A cabinet is a group of ministers. Cabinet ministers have responsibility for what goes on in their ministry, known as ministerial responsibility. Ministers

There is a fundamental problem with the democratic process in Canada. This problem is rooted within our electoral system. However, there is a promising solution to this issue. Canada should adopt the mixed-member proportional representation electoral system (MMP) at the federal level if we wish to see the progression of modern democracy. The failure to do so will result in a stagnant political system that is caught in the past and unable to rise to the contemporary challenges that representative

Electoral Systems in the UK There are two main types of electoral system in the UK: First Past the Post (FPTP) & Proportional Representation (PR) First Past the Post (FPTP); FPTP is the voting system used for the election of MPs to 'seats' in the UK Parliament. It is a system in which the 'winner takes all' and usually gives a clear majority both at constituency and national level. This means that a candidate in a constituency only needs one more vote than the nearest rival to win the

whereas the other candidates with a lower number of votes don’t get any representation. There are many cons to this system that will be highlighted throughout this essay. I will argue that the electoral system requires reform due to the discrepancies between the percentage of popular votes and the number of seats won. Canada’s electoral system has many problems and is not seen as fully democratic since it has provided poor representation for both candidates that win and lose. Candidates can win seats with