Proteins

Proteins are large complex molecules that have many roles in the human body, as well as other organisms. It is made of hundreds of small monomers called amino acids that when combined produces a unique 3-dimensional structure to serve a specific function/purpose. A protein has several functions from the transportation of oxygen in the body e.g. haemoglobin to just as simple as an enzyme e.g. maltase to break down maltose. The structure of a protein is a complex and dense arrangement, consisting

Genetic and Protein link Although approximately 42 dominant SCAs have been identified only 20 have been genetically identified. Most of the identified SCAs share a common mutation: SCA1 SCA2, SCA 3, SCA6, SCA7, SCA8, SCA12, SCA17 have all been linked to the same CAG trinucleotide repeat but in different varying chromosomes and loci. These are also known as polyglutamine (Poly-Q) diseases. Poly-Q proteins are extended proteins formed by an expansion of the mRNA that coded for the amino acid chain

Separation of the proteins involved in both species blood and serum revealed that each was composed of a major protein. A prominent protein in the rabbit blood was found accumulating at approximately 13kDa, as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. It was concluded that this protein was most likely hemoglobin, given the weight and large amount present in all blood due to its necessary function of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. Hemoglobin is a “tetrameric protein of about 64.5 kDa

function in proteins: the importance of shapes in biology In biology, the structure of a molecule dictates its function. This essay describes the importance of the shapes of specific molecules and how proteins acquire the structure they have and how changes in their shape can affect their functionality. According to Roberts et al. (2000), proteins are chemically one of the most complex molecules known, as “they play a vital role in all organisms”. Stated by Alberts et al. (2002), proteins come in a

transporter associated with antigen processing, TAP. The TAP complex consists of two protein subunits; TAP1 and TAP2, and is an ATP-dependant peptide transporter essential for the transport of peptides to the ER and binding of the peptides to MHC class I molecules [11]. Various herpesviruses interfere with antigen presentation through the blocking the activity of TAP. The Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) encodes the protein ICP47, which competes with peptides in the cytoplasm to bind to TAP. As a result

in the tRNA, which brings the amino acids. Coding DNA is any DNA that codes for proteins or RNA molecules. This includes exons and certain introns that code for RNA. Exons code for proteins in translation and are protein coding. Non protein coding DNA is the “dark matter,” including ancestral DNA, promoter regions, and introns. This DNA does not leave the nucleus during protein synthesis and does not code for proteins. The promoter region is a start signal for the RNA Polymerase II. It marks the beginning

Advantages: • Can be used to estimate multiple proteins in a mixture of proteins • If the given sample is a mixture of proteins, the proteins are also separated for further use, for example the separated proteins can then be used for mass spectroscopic studies Disadvantages: • Length process and needs to be done carefully • To obtain a valid comparison for the unknown sample response to that of the known standard, the data must be acquired and processed under identical conditions. 3. Determination

Dr Sleeman – “From DNA to secreted protein: describe the key molecular events required and their organisation within the cell” The genome, all the genetic material encoded within the sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is unique to each individual organism, has all the information required for a cell to sustain life. This is possible due to gene expression which is the process of the genetic code, DNA, being translated into proteins which a cell can then utilise for specific functions

Proteins themselves are made of long chains consisting of a possible 20 different amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds made up by the hundreds or thousands for each different protein. These different combinations of chains determine the specific protein’s function and 3-D structure. A large percentage of work that is put into every cell is the result of proteins, as well as many crucial factors of the body, such as functioning organs. Proteins are not sectioned to perform any certain

muscle you want high great protein sources which might be low in saturated fats, difficult carbohydrates which are excessive in fiber, and healthy dietary fat. These foods are also filled with principal nutrition and minerals that the body requires to construct muscle. Through eating the correct meals for muscle growth you'll no longer handiest p.C. On muscle in the system they're going to also support with you lose fat. Consume high high-quality Protein Sources Protein is the building block of