Protocol

1 ) Energy Efficient Medium Access Protocol A medium access control layer is the most suitable level to address the energy efficiency. This layer is used to coordinate node access to the shared wireless medium. The MAC is the core of communication protocol stack which provides the basic for achieving Quality of Service (QoS) in any wireless networks. A versatile MAC should support diverse applications and different types of data such as continuous, periodic, burst and non-periodic data along with

6.2 RESULTS 6.2.1 Simulation matrix There are number of metrics which are helpful for deciding the efficiency of a protocol. In this work the parameters used to evaluate the efficiency of a protocol are the packet delivery ratio, packet statistics in the network and the throughput of the network. The protocols AODV and AODVBC are checked against these parameters for their performance. Packet delivery ratio of the network is improved as the mobility with respect to the number of nodes changes. Increase

The Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC (2005) 1. Introduction Founded on the belief that humans are ultimately responsible for global warming, the Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997 and made effective in 2005 with the aim of reducing national quantitative greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% (compared with emissions in 1990) in industrialised countries worldwide. This would equate to a 29% cut overall by 2010. The protocol intends to specifically reduce global emissions of “carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous

there is Kyoto Protocol from the very first time. Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the presence of greenhouse gases. Countries that ratify the Kyoto Protocol are assigned different maximum carbon emission levels and can participate in carbon credit trading. Demanding more than the assigned limit will result in a penalty for the violating country in the form of a lower emission limit in the following period. The Kyoto Protocol separates countries

The Kyoto Protocol is a binding international agreement, which began in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. As of June 2013, there were a total of 192 parties participating in the Kyoto Protocol, Canada was no longer one of them. Canada was one of the first to sign the agreement, in 1998; more than 4 years later, Canada formally approved the Kyoto Accord, in 2002. This meant Canada would have to decrease its emissions, by 6% in comparison to 1990 levels (461 Mt), by the year 2012. Despite some efforts, Canada

For the past years, global warming and climate change became important issues of science and the environment. However, with the realization of the possible threats it poses to humankind in general, global warming gained international significance. Climate change is a global problem that requires a global response embracing the needs and interests of all countries (Boer, 2008). Countries around the world, convinced by the threats of the global warming, choose to act hand-in-hand to face to the issue

combat this serious problem. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Its objective is to make nations that ratified the agreement reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases toward the target set for each nation. Many countries are trying their best to support the Kyoto Protocol. On the other hand, some other nations

carbon footprint [2]. Thus, international cooperation will also satisfy a country’s political and economical concerns. In response to the threat climate change poses, the Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty adopted by the UNFCC in the year 1997, which entered into force in 2005 [3]. In particular, the protocol hopes to legally compel ratifying and industrialized countries into lowering global warming through the reduction of six greenhouse gases that affect it. Quantifiable targets included

Introduction to the Kyoto Protocol Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement which was announced in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. It is considered as the supplement of the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) and the main target for the Kyoto protocol is to reduce the emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Nowadays, there are 192 Parties that have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol and the overall emission of these countries accounts for 61% of the total greenhouse

binding Protocol under which industrialized countries will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2%. The agreement aims to lower overall emissions from a group of six greenhouse gases by 2008-12, calculated as an average over these five years.” (UNFCCC, 2011) In December of 1997, 160 countries gathered in Kyoto, Japan to agree upon a Protocol that will curb emissions and hopefully restore emission levels to pre-industrial numbers. This Protocol is the Kyoto Protocol established