Puumala virus

infectious disease that is transmitted mostly by infected birds. This influenza has three types: A,B,C. The most fatal one is the type A. The virus first appearance was in migratory shore bird in Africa in 1960. Avian Flu was first discovered in humans in Hong Kong in 1997. By that time the virus was not known as a Bird Flu, so there were feared that the virus would sweep the community and kill many because another subtype of influenza swept around the world in 1918 (Davidson, 2011) First, the Avian

CRISPR/Cas9 In 2012, at the University of California, Berkeley, CRISPR/Cas9 was invented. Since its creation it has become exceedingly popular and scientists are discovering more and more ways to use this gene editing technique. Even though CRISPR/Cas9 was just discovered around 4 years ago, the CRISPR/Cas system itself was first observed in bacteria (E.coli). It was what CRISPR was doing in the bacteria that makes it so unique. CRISPR stands for, “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic

1. James Watson’s research goals in respect with DNA are quite complex, yet also direct. Watson’s research goals and ideas proliferated after discovering Linus Pauling’s research. In Pauling’s studies, he partially discovered the structure of proteins and formed a model called the A-helix, by using a technique called crystallography. This technique sparked Watson’s interest and he created his research goal by wondering if he could use the same method Pauling did in order to discover the structure

SPI-1 is the best characterized of the SPIs. It is approximately 40 kb in size. SPI-1 is flanked by fhlA and mutS and has G-C content about 42%. SPI-1 contains at least 29 genes, encoding various components protein of a type III secretion system. SPI-1 encodes several effector proteins which mostly involved in invasion of epithelial cells by mediating actin cytoskeletal rearrangement and hence internalization of the bacteria. These effectors were translocated into the host cell by type III secretion

Toxin B and Toxin A belong to the same family of large clostridial glycosylating toxins that are responsibility for inflammatory responses. TcdB is primarily known as the cytotoxin and is the most common encoded toxin.The difference in TcdB and TcdA could stem for the differences in where each toxin receptor tropism (3). In four different studies using hamster and mouse intestines, TcdB is capable of producing phenotypes of disease in complete absence of TcdA (1). TcdB has two protein receptors

Influenza, commonly called "the flu," is caused by viruses that infect the respiratory tract. Compared with most other viral respiratory infections, such as the common cold, influenza infection often causes a more severe illness. Typical clinical features of influenza include fever, cough, sore throat and respiratory symptoms. Influenza viruses are categorized into 3 different viruses, A, B, and C. The A and B influenza viruses are responsible for the epidemic form of respiratory illness

Influenza is among the most widely recognized reasons for respiratory contaminations in people. It is trusted that there have been episodes of influenza since at any rate the Middle Ages, and potentially even since antiquated circumstances. Influenza infections taint the cells of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Rarely the contamination may spread to the circulation system. Influenza is a noteworthy general medical issue. To be sure, flu infections are the main respiratory infections to cause

Stephen Liggett, professor of medicine at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and colleagues carried out tests of the DNA of 121 patients with asthma had found 4 different patterns of DNA in a gene that helps to relax muscles in a person's lungs. Lung function was measured before and after treatment with albuterol, with the individual responses correlated to the sequence of variations found in discrete regions of a person's DNA. Albuterol works by blocking the β2-adrenergic receptor

Kellee Bowie Causative Agent: Orthomyxovirus Disease: Influenza A, B, and C Classification of Orthomyxovirus: Orthomyxovirus is a negative sense, single stranded RNA virus. Orthomyoxvirus(es) belong to the Orthmyxoviridae family. It has an envelope covered by a lipid bilayer. History and Interesting Facts about Influenza: • The CDC initially called the swine flu, the “Novel Influenza A, H1N1” to protect the pork industry. • Pigs are a perfect breeding ground for new and dangerous strains of the

The H1N1 Influenza Virus A virus is “snippet of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA” (YouTube, Dr. Tony Fauci, H1N1 Influenza a Virus, 2009) that is able to replicate itself only in other cells. Unlike bacteria, a virus cannot thrive on its own. A virus has to break into a cell and take control of the cell functions in order to replicate, often causing disease. Some viruses are benign, and others cause diseases like polio, smallpox, and measles. There are be three types of influenza: A, B, and C, which