Receptor

Ionotropic receptors is a binding site that opens when an ion attaches to the binding site. The ionotropic receptor is also a direct method to the ion channels. Ionotropic receptors has a channel where molecules move in and out of the ion channel. The ions that goes into the ion channel are made out of sodium which cause the membrane to become small. Metabotropic receptors is receptor that is a part of the binding site of a neurotransmitter. Metabotropic is indirect and complex method to the ion

which is called allodynia). Many research has linked the neuropathic pain to neuronal damages where endogenous ATP being released. Therefore purinergic receptors that can respond to ATP are involved. In this essay, after a brief introduction of P2X receptors, the role of microglial P2X4 and P2X7 in neuropathic pain will be discussed. Purinergic receptor can be divided into two families based on their different

Interactions with Receptors Ethanol interacts with the several neurochemical systems that play a role in the effects and reinforcing factors during consumption. It is a depressant that interacts with ion-gated channels in a way that generally decreases brain activity. These interactions either facilitate the channel, opening mostly Cl-, but also facilitate 5-HT3 receptors that are NA+ and K+ channels, or the interactions inhibit the opening of channels usually NA+, CA+, and K+. Some of the receptors that it

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. History of opioid research Opioid drugs and their receptor is one of the most extensively studying areas in pharmacology. This field of research really began from isolation of morphine, an active ingredient of opium, by German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner in 1989. The compound he managed to isolate was called morphine after Morpheus, the Greek god of dream. Later Pierre Robiquet in France isolated the second predominant alcholoid of opium, codeine. After the discovery

Compare and contrast the different classes of glutamate receptors. Glutamate as a neurotransmitter In the brain, neurons communicate between each other and with target cells via a great numbers of chemicals they release, so called neurotransmitters. A signal in the brain is sent from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic cell through synaptic transmission, allowing the brain to process information in a rapid way. (Südhof, Starke and Boehm, 2008) One of the most important transmitters within

Background Amylin and Salmon Calcitonin belong to the calcitonin family of peptides and have high affinity binding sites in the rat spinal cord. The aim of this study was to functionally characterize receptors for Amylin and Salmon Calcitonin in the spinal cord of rats. We assessed the expression of c-fos in response to intraplantar formalin in the lumbar regions of spinal cord in conscious rats. Methods: Amylin (0.05nmoles) or Salmon Calcitonin (0.005nmoles) were administrated intrathecally) 10

Use of Competitive Radioligand Binding to examine Endothelin Receptor Populations on Ventricular Cardiomyocyte Membranes of Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats. Abstract This investigation concerned the relationship between endothelin receptor populations on the ventricular cardiomyocyte membrane of spontaneous hypertensive rats at 16 weeks old. The use of radioligand competitive binding assay method, involving the displacement of [125I]ET-1 by 3 competitive, cold ligands, ET-1, ET-3 and BQ123, allowed

Introduction: ATRAP, or Angiotensin Receptor Associated protein, is a cytoplasmic protein that is found to interact with the carboxyl-terminal domain of Angiotensin type 1 receptors (AT1) (Cui et al., 2000). ATRAP was discovered to have three hydrophobic domains located at the amino-terminal end and one long hydrophilic tail found at the carboxyl-terminal end (Lopez-Ilasaca et al., 2003). This 18-kDA protein is highly specific in it’s binding and is predicted to have three transmembrane domains

feasibility of designing partial agonists of the human muscarinic M1 receptor that would modulate the receptor in two distinct ways simultaneously. It also explains the signaling behavior of the receptor. The muscarinic M1 receptor was described as the one of five subtypes of the muscarinic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with the highest expression in the central nervous system. Two downstream effects of activating the M1 receptor were identified, activating of phospholipase C mainly by Gq/G11-proteins

How 5-HT modulates NMDA receptor activation is a key question of interest. Despite being cation channels, NMDA receptors have non-linear, voltage-dependent conductance (Mayer and Westbrook, 1987). This property results from the voltage-dependent Mg2+ blockade of the receptor channels (Mayer et al., 1984; Nowak et al., 1984) and thus leads to the negative slope conductance in the current-voltage relationship (i.e. I-V curve; Nowak et al., 1984; Flatman et al., 1983; MacDonald et al., 1982). Because