Retinal ganglion cell

has also shown that a significant number of cells remain in the inner retina. These cells can be used by the prosthesis; however, it is not certain if the processing circuitry of the inner retina also remains intact. State-of-Art Firstly, it is important to clarify that it is possible to stimulate other visual pathways other than the retina to recover visual perception. Examples of these are any sensory substitution based systems. However, the retinal prosthesis, besides its complexity, is the most

cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Currently, the pathogenesis responsible for glaucoma is not well understood. It has been suggested that local ischemia or mechanical damage from a raised intraocular pressure (IOP) resulting in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss may have a role in its aetiology. The treatment for glaucoma aims to reduce IOP through therapeutic or surgical means to reduce glaucomatous progression. The first line of treatment involves topical therapy such as eye drops. There

Tay-Sachs Abstract Tay-Sachs is a disease caused by a mutation to the gene which codes for Hex A. Without Hex A, a cell cannot degrade GM2 ganglioside into GM3 ganglioside. This results in a build up of ganglioside’s in lysosomes of neurons. The result is varying degrees of mental deterioration. New DNA-based screening is currently being developed to replace the enzyme-based screening techniques that have been used since 1969. This will not only speed up the diagnosis, but also allow for

The eye relies on rods to maintain vision in low light, and cones to for color perception and high spatial acuity (Carlson, 2007). The eye’s retinal circuitry involves a photoreceptor layer, which contains the rods and cones; a bipolar cell layer, which contains bipolar, amacrine, and horizontal cells; and a ganglion cell layer, which contains ganglion cells. With that being said, physiologically, the vision sensory system if the dominant system. In terms of neuropsychological evidence, there is

In the control group, the β-cells were pale stained and located centrally surrounded by the α-cells. The Islets were fairly numerous surrounded by the sero-acinar cells which were well stained and comprised of the exocrine component of pancreas. In the diabetic group, there were necrotic and atrophic features in most β-cells of Islets of Langerhans and vacuoles were present. There was a marked reduction in the number of islets. Following treatment with 400 mg/kg of fenugreek + 250 mg/kg of metformin

bacterial growth; human defensin, which kills bacteria; and cathelicidins, which prevent infections. Biological barriers in the epidermis such as Langerhans cells, tissue macrophages that act as antigen presenting cells, are also present. The integumentary system is also responsible for cutaneous sensation by sending signals received from Merkel cells in the epidermis and Meissner’s corpuscles in the dermis to the brain via nerves. The nervous system is in charge of carrying signals from the fingers

anything other than heavy cigarette smoking can encourage LHONs and similar diseases. Kirches conducted a case study in which the hereditary movement of LHONs was observed. In this study, it was found that LHONs can cause an acute loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. According to this study “RGC loss occurs in about 50% of male and only 10-15% of female mutation carriers” this shows evidence that men are more effected by LHONs it also shows why women do not show symptoms of LHONs (Kirches

cause small hemorrhages and bleeding. This causes scar formation which allows the clear gel of the vitreous to adhere to the retina. This puts pressure on the shape of the vitreous causing it to change its shape and tear the retina causing retinal detachment. It can treated can be treated three ways: Photcoagulation: A focal is used to burn the areas of the retina where the abnormal

Diversity-University: How similarly people experience events Stability-Change, Nature-Nurture: How our experience changes our perceptions of the outside world The Nature of Sensation Sensation: the experience if sensory stimulation Receptor Cell: A specialized cell that responds to a particular type of energy "Fire" when enough stimulation

the medication, and the effects it has on the eye. Glaucoma occurs when there is an increase of intraocular pressure or IOP; IOP is the pressure of the fluid within the eye that builds up behind the eye (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). If the retinal ganglion cells degenerate, the visual field will decrease as well as the optic nerve will atrophy causing a distinctive clinical appearance (Gemenetzi, Yang, & Lotery, 2012). There are several types of glaucoma but the main two types of glaucoma; open-angle