Sensors

Abstract — The Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) aims at providing effective medium for communicating where no continuous connectivity is guaranteed for a given network. It is really important especially when there are faulty nodes in a network. Mobile Sensor Networks are one of the most fault prone networks due to its inherent nature of limited resources. Existing routing schemes promotes the algorithms to make use of message replication to ensure high delivery rate for messages. Protocols that rely on

heterogeneous scheme in which all sensor nodes have a different amount of energy as each node is assigned with various task [20] such as SEP[21], DEEC[22]. In this paper, we propose and analyze a novel cluster head selection scheme based on the deployment of nodes in different regions for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSNs) which is named as RBETSSEP. In RBETSSEP, the node’s qualification for being a CH is evaluated as per the residual energy of a node and distance to a base station (BS)

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of hundreds to thousands of low-power multi-functional sensor nodes, operating in an unattended environment, and having sensing, computation and communication capabilities. The basic components [1] of a node are a sensor unit, an ADC (Analog to Digital Converter), a CPU (Central processing unit), a power unit and a OPEN ACCESS Sensors 2010, 10 10507 communication unit. Sensor nodes are micro-electro-mechanical systems [2] (MEMS) that produce a measurable response

A mobile wireless sensor network, shortly WMSN, can be defined as a wireless network of a sensor nodes that are mobile. Motivation behind a mobile wireless sensor network is to capture real world data and convert them so it can be transferred, processed, stored and later studied or analyzed (Guo, 2014). The MWSN is usually a combination of two or more technologies such as mobility, wireless connectivity and the ability to gather local information. The mobile wireless sensor network is usually deployment

Wireless distributed sensor systems will enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. We look at communication protocols, which can have significant impact on the overall energy dissipation of these networks Based on our findings that the conventional protocols of direct transmission, minimum- transmission-energy, multihop routing, and static clustering may not be optimal for sensor networks. We are working on LEACH (Low-Energy

generation of wires sensor network has been provided for several applications because of modern period which brought the integration of the smallest physical sensors, embedded of small controllers called microcontrollers and radio interfaces on one and only single chip fabrication. All of these functions brought a wide range of application for sensor networks. The integration into wearable wires body area network has been incorporated with a big number of physiological sensors. In addition the idea

management is one of the most important issues of any secure communication with the increasing demand for the security in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) it is important to introduce the secure and reliable key management in the WSNs.Data confidentiality and authenticity are critical in WSNs. Key management objective is to secure and keep up secure connections between sensor nodes at network formation and running stages. In this paper we proposed various key management schemes, necessity for key management

years wireless sensor networks (WSN’s) have gained global attention. It is a promising technology that has been extensively used in various critical and long-lasting applications. A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has a large number of energy constrained sensor nodes that have the capability to compute and communicate. They are used to identify the events of interests and transfer the data to the sink node. WSN is categorized into fixed WSN and mobile WSN. Target area has fixed sensors for performing

IMAGE SENSORS: CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) What is CCD? CCD is a device designed for the movement of electrical charge and then its further manipulation. It is one of the major digital image sensing technology used nowadays. Image sensors detects the amount of light falling on them. The image sensor consists of smallest element of an image i.e. pixel. The pixels are composed of p-doped metal oxide semiconductor(MOS). Working principle of CCD:- In CCD image sensor the light falls on the pixels and

temperature levels. The role of sensors and the errors which may affect the measurement of temperature are critical for temperature measuring devices. The sensor choice may play a large role in on the cost effectiveness of the system. Every temperature measurement application is according to their different requirements and the effect of noise on the resolution