Signal transduction

redox signalling and it has many roles within the body. Harris. (2012). Redox signalling is important as exposure to oxidative stress can cause imbalances that can contribute to infections and toxins. Thiol based redox couples can form independent signals that can regulate any imbalances and are linked to any changes that occur in redox potentials. Harris. (2012). Cysteine is an amino acid and it can undergo oxidative modifications to perform different functions. Cysteine can form cross links to stabilise

Kidneys play a major role in the human body. The kidneys perform a number of functions including removing waste products and other fluids from the body as urine. In this project, the main focus is Polycystic kidney disease. In cystic kidney disease, fluid-filled cysts form in the kidneys, usually in the weaker segments of tubules, that perform the duty of carrying urine from the glomeruli. As a cyst grows, it displaces healthy kidney tissues and as a result the kidneys have to expand to accommodate

The filoviridae family corresponds to the order of Mononegavirales. This growing family of pathogens are filamentous, enveloped viruses with a genome that is negative-stranded RNA (1 & 2). This family is known to be one of the most pathogenic viruses affecting humans and is mostly found in bats (their main reservoirs) (3 & 4). It is believed that these viruses are transmitted from person to person through body fluids or through objects that have been previously contaminated with body fluids (5).

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is derived from the mesenchymal precursor cell which also seems to give rise to muscle . BATis located mainly around the neck, paravertebral sites, kidneys and large blood vessels of the thorax. As previously mentioned above, Marcus (1988), demonstrated that TSH induced lipolysis in BAT from newborns and infants but this declined with age. Recent studies have profiled different layers of BAT in adults, particularly in the neck and between the shoulder blades (Nedergaard

in normal cells are seen in the inner membrane of the cytoplasmic membrane. In the apoptosis event the PS residues are transferred to the membrane and are externalized. Generally, though not always, this is an primary event in the apoptosis and a signal is sent to the surrounding cells that a cell is ready for phagocytosis. Annexin-V is a special PS-binding protein that is used for detection of apoptotic cells(26). It has been reported that STXA can induce apoptosis by different mechanisms. Following

a humoral method that usually involves hormones or other ligands (molecules that bind to larger molecules) that are released into the blood stream and then cause a response in the target cell. The other method is by using nerve cells an electrical signal is transferred across a large distance and will then result in a response. Hormones are proteins whose structure is shaped in order to interact with a cells surface membrane. They are specific to cell surface receptors and will only trigger a change

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that provide a molecular link between extracellular signals and intracellular processes. The retinal photoreceptor Rhodopsin (Rho) is one of the prime examples of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily which is a visual pigment which absorbs photons and initiates G-protein signal transduction processes that result in electrical signals processed by the brain. Rod cells, containing rhodopsin in their outer segments, mediate vision by responding

Physiology 1 ch-4,5 1. ___________ is a term which describes a membrane that allows only certain molecules to penetrate it. A. Selective permeable B. Permeable C. Porous D. Counter transport 2. Active Transport A. Utilizes energy B. Cannot transport molecules against a concentration gradient. C. Cannot be saturated D. Requires cofactors 3. The Rate of diffusion is influenced by A. The concentration gradient B. Membrane permeability C. Membrane surface area D. All of the choices are correct 4

other protein kinases or transcription factors. Due to the position of MAP3K’s at the apex of the ‘core signalling module’, it is important to understand their regulatory mechanisms as the MAPK pathway is dependent on their activation. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a MAP3K family member. This MAP3K is activated in response to a host of cellular stress stimuli,

receptors is to mediate the release of calcium ions (Ca2+) from intracellular storages in either reticulum into the cytoplasm during excitation-contraction coupling in muscles. Intracellular Ca2+ regulation is important for secondary messenger for signal transduction and is essential for certain cellular processes. Ryanodine is named after the plant alkaloid ryanodine, which binds to the receptors and displays preferential interactions with the open state of the channel. At nanomole concentrations, they