Signal transduction

Small intestine is the most rapidly dividing tissue of the body. It undergoes a fast turnover of 3-5 days by Intestinal Stem Cells (ISCs), replacing all the older cells with new ones which is necessary for the nutritional uptake by intestinal cells and thereby, maintaining tissue homeostasis. Small intestinal epithelium has several crypts/villi structures which inhabits ISCs. Cells are arranged in the order of increasing maturity from bottom to top of each crypt. ISCs are present at base of each

tumorigenesis occurring because of autophagy‐deficiency. EGFR: The most common genetic mutations / alterations seen in gliomas are the amplification of EGFR, expression of EGFR VIII mutant and homozygous / hemizygous deletion of PTEN and NF-1. The aberrant signals that result from these mutations interact with the PI3KAkt- mTOR pathway and are responsible for promoting survival and chemoresistance in gliomas. Therefore targeting the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) with either monoclonal antibodies or small

The heart and the liver are nearly related, What 's more this need been known for a number a considerable length of time. So, patients for intense Also incessant heart disappointment create manifestations identified with those liver. In the setting about right-sided heart disappointment a range from claiming hepatic derangements occur, known as cardiovascular cirque or congestive hepatopathy (Moller Also Bernardi, 2013). Those impact of cardiovascular cirque ahead prognosis may be not that clear

Chapter One - Introduction Cell membranes of eukaryotes are complex in structure, comprised of a highly regulated heterologous distribution of lipids and proteins (Hanada, 2010). This distribution is determined to some extent by the location and topology of lipid synthases, and results from the trafficking of proteins and lipids (Hanada, 2010). Within the cell, transport vesicles and tubules mediate trafficking by loading desired sets of proteins at one organelle and delivering them to the next

Introduction/Background Cryptococcus neoformans is a basidiomycetous yeast fungus that is enclosed with a polysaccharide capsule. C. neoformans can undergo sexual reproduction that is due to crossing α- and a-mating types, resulting in the formation of sexual spores or basidiospores (Buchanan and Murphy, 1998). It is an intracellular pathogen that affects more than one million individuals, resulting in over 700,000 deaths per year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Individuals

re-associate, so the signal will not be turned off. Cholera and/or Pertussis toxins Cholera toxin locks Gɑs in the GTP bound active conformation, this would extend the duration of the scent. Pertussis toxin locks Gɑi in the GDP bound inactive conformation, this would reduce the duration and extent of the scent. Inhibitors or Activators of Adenylate Cyclase. Activators of Adenylate Cyclase would cause production of cAMP, which is a second messenger. This would amplify the signal and increase the extent

Unlike other blood cells, platelets are small anucleate structures derived from marrow megakaryocytes and thought for almost a century to possess solely hemostatic potentials. Platelets, however, play a much wider role in tissue regeneration and repair and interact intimately with tumor cells. On one hand, tumor cells induce platelet aggregation [TCIPA] known to act as the trigger of cancer associated thrombosis and on the other, recruited to the tumor microenvironment platelets interact directly

Numerous stimuli activate eNOS (via phosphorylation) to generate NO, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bradykinin and estrogen, however the most potent activators of eNOS is shear stress, which is one of the most potent activators of eNOS. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in eNOS gene So far, several polymorphisms in the eNOS gene have been described, some of them being linked with the increased risk of CV diseases (Hingorani AD). A common polymorphism in exon 7 of the endothelial

One of the most common treatments for heart failure is ACE inhibitors. ACE inhibitors have shown to slow down the course of heart failure and decrease cardiovascular mortality (1). Overall, they work by suppressing the activity of angiotensin II. ACE inhibitors prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by competitively inhibiting the activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme. Since angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor, the lack of the protein allows blood vessels to remain dilated

Microcystins are potent hepatotoxins produced by blue-green algae or cyanobacteria, which are common in contaminated water. The most common type of microcystins is microcystin-LR (MC-LR). This report will discuss the major cytotoxic and carcinogenic effects of microcystins, and how these effects translate into hepatotoxicity. Additionally, cell-based assays will be proposed to identify and examine the various hepatotoxic characteristics of cyanobacteria or blue-green algae extracts which contain