Signal transduction

INTRODUCTION G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are highly specialised proteins responsible for the transmission of signals across the cell membrane. They sense signaling molecules such as hormones and neurotransmitters, and thus play a very important physiological role in the human body (Venkatakrishnan et al., 2017). GPCRs are also known as metabotropic receptors, which indicates that they are involved in intracellular signaling. Scientific Background The results from numerous research were

Introduction Cushing’s syndrome(CS) results from prolonged exposure to excess free glucocorticoids. Around 10-15 per million people are affected by CS every year(1). Most patients with CS have an Adrenocorticotrophic(ACTH)- secreting pituitary adenoma, which is otherwise known as Cushing’s disease. Other causes of CS include adrenal tumours, ectopic ACTH-secreting tumours and exogenous steroid use. Except for exogenous steroid use, the other mentioned causes of CS can all be caused by genetic mutations

Estrogen Estrogen is a steroid hormone which plays a crucial role in growth and maturation of both sexes. In the female reproductive system, estrogen targets tissues such as mammary glands, uterus, and ovaries. Bone formation has a significant positive relationship with estrogen from puberty to maturation and beyond (Clark et al., 1992). Post puberty estrogen is mainly synthesized and released from the ovaries in females. Through binding proteins or estrogen receptors (ER) found within the nucleus

Aurora Kinase B Structure In humans, aurora kinase B associates itself with the INCENP complex (inner centromere protein)+. Aurora kinase B is a protein consisting of 344 amino acids. The protein has 13 alpha helices, 7 beta pleated sheets and one turn. The amino acid sequence is as follows: Residues 1 – 50 MAQKENSYPW PYGRQTAPSG LSTLPQRVLR KEPVTPSALV LMSRSNVQPT 51 – 100 AAPGQKVMEN SSGTPDILTR HFTIDDFEIG RPLGKGKFGN VYLAREKKSH 101 – 150 FIVALKVLFK SQIEKEGVEH QLRREIEIQA HLHHPNILRL YNYFYDRRRI

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Cisplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent with proven efficacy against solid tumors. However, the clinical use of cisplatin is limited by the development of permanent hearing loss in cancer patients. There is currently no drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for cisplatin-induced hearing loss (1, 2). Multiple studies have shown that cisplatin profoundly damages outer hair cells (OHCs) present in the hook region, basal and middle turns of the cochlea

The comparison of Azidoglutamine with Azide – 1 on cell binding gave a clearer picture of the competition between L – glutamine and glutamine analogues. The activity of Azide – 1 was shown to be more tremendous than Azidoglutamine although it was not as good as Azide – 2. The glutamine uptake inhibition was mostly observed in 4T1 – RLR and HepG2 – luc2 cells. These data suggest a different binding mechanism of Azide – 1 to cells. The good effect on the 4T1 – RLR cell again indicates the potential

In order to study the molecules regulator in hematopoiesis by an in vitro culture, crayfish hematopoietic cytokines, astakine1 have been identified (5). Astakine1 is an invertebrate prokineticin, which plays an important role in hematopoiesis regulation in crustacean. Astakine1 was original purified from plasma and plasma levels of astakine1 was increased after LPS stimulation. The injected-animals with purified or recombinant astakine1 were resulted in a dramatic increase in total hemocyte count

(#4) CDKN1A stands for Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1A. Alternative names for CDKN1A include the following abbreviations: CDKI, CIP1, SDI1, Waf1, CAP20, CDKN1, p21WAF, p21, p21Clip1, Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Protein 6, also known as MDA-6, and many more. (#2) CDKN1A is a protein coding gene. The purpose CDKN1A serves in the cell is that it works as cell cycle regulator at the G1 checkpoint and is responsible for the cell cycle arrest at that checkpoint. CDKN1A encodes a potential

Proteus syndrome (PrSy) (OMIM:176920) is a disorder characterized by asymmetric overgrowth of the parts of the body :cerebriform connective tissue nevi; epidermal nevi; vascular malformations; and dysregulated adipose tissue. Its etiology is unknown ,this leading to frequently misdiagnosed of this disorder (Biesecker, 2005). Many types of neoplasms have been associated with PS, including ovarian, testicular, meningeal, and parotid tumors. Some tumors are rare in the general population under 20

Introduction Rheumatic arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive disorder that commonly presents a group of mechanically related disorders concerning the degenerative nature of joints that is specifically affecting the articular cartilage and subchondral bone (1). Thus, causing a dip in the quality of life in RA patients. The aetiology for RA is unclear, however, a combination of hereditary susceptibility causes a reaction that causes severe inflammation in the synovial membrane (1). However, other