Single domain antibody

targeted anti-cancerous agents are Gleevec and Herceptin. Gleevec is a small molecule designed to target tyrosine kinase (enzymes that activate many proteins by signal transduction cascades) encoded by bcr/abl oncogene. Herceptin is a monoclonal antibody which interferes with the receptors responsible for activation of proteins which signal cell proliferation. It was earlier thought that up to seven independent genetic hits are necessary for the development and progression of a malignant cancer[Fearon

termini at the amino acid positions 145 and linking its original N-and C- termini using the peptide GTGGSAS between the C-terminal lysine (K239) and a lysine originally near its N terminus (K4). Then authors constructed ASAP1 using the voltage-sensing domain (VSD) from the Gallus gallus voltage-sensitive phosphatase. The ASAP1 variants were made with the alternate VSDs by inserting cspfGFP-OPT following amino acid G146 (Xenopus laevis), G147 (Danio rerio), or amino acids L203 to G214 (Ciona intestinalis)

Compare and contrast tumour suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes. Discuss an example of how recent advances in our understanding of these genes have led to the development of a novel therapy that is being used in the treatment of human cancer. Cancer known in medicine as a malignant neoplasm is one of the biggest killers worldwide. In 2007, cancer caused roughly 13% (7.9 million) of the planet’s deaths (Jemal, 2011). This will more greatly affect an aging society such as ours in years to come, and

hemophilia B, there are available products marketed to replace defective clotting factor such as Alprolix. MECHANISM OF ACTION Alprolix is a recombinant fusion protein that is consisted of the human Coagulation Factor IX sequence linked to the Fc domain of human immunoglobin G Subclass 1 (IgG1); which temporarily replaces the missing Coagulation Factor XI needed to promote blood clotting. What differentiates Alprolix from the other Factor IX products on the market is their clotting factor IX linkage

Polypeptide bonds form between amino acids to form polypeptide chains. Amino acid sequence is primary protein structure. The secondary structure is the bonding pattern of the amino acids (e.g. helix, sheet, etc.). The tertiary structure consists of the domain, where the sheets or helixes fold on each other and become stable. The quaternary structure consists of several polypeptide chains that form advanced proteins such as human leukocyte

rules of cell division. It is characterized by a progression of changes on cellular and genetic level that ultimately reprogram a cell to undergo uncontrolled cell division, thus forming a malignant mass. Carcinogenesis: Cancers consist of single clones or several clones of cells that are capable of partially (benign tumor) or fully (malignant cancer) independent growth in the host. The essence of carcinogenesis is the activation (deregulation) of genes that regulate cell growth via bypassing

development of many types of cancer. RTKs transfer extracellular signals influence cancer cell growth, survival, and differentiation. These proteins are localized to the cell membrane and contain an extracellular domain that is the site for ligand binding, a transmembrane domain, and a kinase domain that contains the ATP-binding site necessary for protein phosphorylation. RTKs phosphorylate some downstream proteins, which lead to the activation of signaling cascades such as phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase

One of the major things that we studied in the lab was using myoblast, which is also a muscle precursor who can differentiate with the proper signal which helps with differentiated cells. Myosin light chain was a major role when they came with muscle contraction within the culture cells that were placed in the differentiation media. My partner and I did this experiment by following the protocol which helped us properly assess the myosin light chain. Some of the procedures included harvesting and

Name: Instructor’s Name: Course: Date: Cell Adhesion Molecules Introduction Cells are independent units of life. However, when a cell becomes part of an organism, it becomes part of a tissue and organ system. Cells in a tissue are joined to each other and to the extracellular matrix (ECM) by cell junctions. There are three kinds of cell junctions: Occluding junctions, anchoring junctions and communication junctions. Occluding junctions occur in the epithelium where the adjacent cells are so tightly

West Nile virus because of the similarities amongst the symptoms of the two viruses. Contrastingly, Zika Virus has a slightly different mode of transmission. The virus is a member of the flaviviridae family and flavivirus genus and is a positive, single stranded, RNA virus (Kuno, 1). Zika Virus has been known to severely affect pregnant women. In pregnant women, Zika Virus causes a birth defect resulting in abnormally small brain sizes in babies called microcephaly. Mosquito born Zika Virus transmission