Striatum

movements. That is to say, the main function of the basal ganglia is in controlling voluntary movements. Within the basal ganglia of the brain, there is an important input structure called the dorsal striatum, which plays a vital role in the reward system of the brain. Moreover, the dorsal striatum is made up of 2 opponent pathways

more active so that it can tell the motor cortex to tell our muscles to move. To do this, the motor cortex will excite the striatum through glutamate. The striatum the main place for input in the basal ganglia (Tepper, Koós, & Wilson), now has excited inhibitory neurons which then inhibit the Globus Pallidus internal (GPi) through GABA more than they would have without the striatum excited. The GPi holds down the Thalamus but since the GPi is now inhibited, the thalamus has less restriction. Because

The dorsal striatum is composed of the caudate nucleus and the putamen. The striatal cells appear to be the most vulnerable to the inclusion bodies formed by the aggregates of mutant huntingtin. As the disease progresses and more inclusion bodies are accumulated the striatal cells begin to die at a faster rate than they are reproduced. The death of these cells cause the striatum to degrade. The exact mechanisms by which the striatal cells function

serotonergic innervations from all the brain areas including the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, substantia nigraand striatum, the striatum is believed to be responsible for LID because of the source of the major release of DA from L-DOPA from the abundant serotonergic innervation24,25.Therefore, my proposal includes reducing dysregulated serotonergic activity specifically in the striatum with local striatal administration of 5-HT1A agonist in a PD mouse model. Whereas most of the other studies focus

substantia nigra is a subcortical nucleus that is closely related to basal ganglia. It is reciprocally connected with the striatum and sends efferents to the ventral anterior and dorsomedial thalamic nuclei and, to some extent, to the ventral lateral thalamic nuclei. The substantia nigra pars reticulata also projects to the superior colliculus. Neurons that originate in the striatum and project to the substantia nigra are inhibitory and utilize the neurotransmitters GABA and substance P. Fibers that

economic burden on society [2]. PD is classically characterized by a loss of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and the development of Lewy Bodies within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) [3]. Neurons originating in the SNpc project to the striatum where they activate D1 or D2 receptors to stimulate the direct or indirect pathway of the basal ganglia, respectively. Activation of the direct pathway by dopamine (DA) results in

Structures of the Brain The Brain Stem The brain stem or the medulla is the closest to the spinal cord. The brainstem is responsible for most of the human bodily functions. The brain stem is critical for human survival and normal human functions. The brain stem is also responsible for information of pain and touch from the head and neck; it is also responsible for the inputs from the face and the mouth. Reticular formation is a group of neurons, nuclei, that are important for sleep and wakefulness

Basal ganglia are a collection of interconnected gray matter nuclear masses deep within the brain”. These gray matter masses are caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra. Basal ganglia receive its input through striatum (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007). Clinical Presentation: 1. Rigidity: Rigidity is defined as increased resistance to passive movement. Parkinson patients complain of “heaviness” or

Many people have asked if technology affects people’s bodies in negative ways, and many studies have researched this question. It turns out that thousands of studies have discovered that too much screen time and using too much technology is directly linked to multiple diseases and even cancer. Many of these diseases are fatal and cause major damage to your body, if we don’t limit our use of technology we could all contract these terrible diseases. One of multiple causes of anxiety and depression

receptors. There are two primary dopamine receptors, D1 and D2. In schizophrenic patients the latter is split into D2, D3 and D4 subtypes. Dopamine activators are found in the striatum, prefrontal cortex and limbic system of the brain. Clinical research has observed an increase of dopamine in the emotion controlling striatum through PET and SPECT brain scans. Unfortunately there is no one pinpointed cause of high dopamine levels. Many of these causes are: Agitation, anxiety, cognitive acuity, feeling