Striatum

Parkinson’s Disease (from hereon PD) is an extrapyramidal disorder characterized primarily by massive idiopathic degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, resulting in greatly decreased levels of dopamine in the striatum. The diagnosis, which is essentially a clinical judgment due to the lack, thus far of a simple diagnostic test, has historically been on the basis of the presence of at least two of the three main features of PD: bradykinesia (or akinesia or hypokinesia), rigidity

(von der Goltz and Kiefer 2009). Neuroplasticity mechanisms are linked to different neurocognitive phenotypes (Contreras-Rodríguez et al. 2015). For instance, impulsivity has been linked to ventral striatum neuroadaptations, and compulsive habits are associated with the shift to control of the dorsal striatum and insula networks (Contreras-Rodríguez et al. 2015). Moreover, dopamine plays a role in processing reward prediction and eventually in the understanding of addictive disorders as a learning model

Even today I can still remember my graduation from preschool. I was only five years old at the time. At the ceremony my class-mates and I were asked what we wanted to be when we grow up. The world seemed so big at the time and every adult looked like they accomplished so much in their lives. Some of us said we wanted to be singers or professional athletes. Others wanted to be soldiers, doctors, or millionaires. Every person has had dreams of accomplishing great things and being successful. Everyone

Animal Studies in mouse model of bipolar disorder. Genetic Models Role of Ank3 in the pathophysiology of psychiatric illness was studied in mice. Ank3 gene knockdown was carried using RNAi lentivirus. Behavioral tests were indicative of decreased anxiety-related behavior in a specific manner since hyperactivity related arm entries remained unchanged. Number of battery of tests revealed no change in general motor activity (novel open field), conventional task assessing sensitometer gating (prepulse

the cortex which covers the top and sides of the brain. This area controls reasoning and language, and this area will be less active when under sedative drugs. The basal ganglia are located underneath the cortex and it is made up of by the striatum. The striatum controls muscle tone and is part of the dopamine pathway which is a potential transport highway for psychoactive drugs. The hypothalamus is at the base of the brain and serves as liaison between the brain and pituitary gland.

them histamine, which is involved in a variety ofbiological effects with clinical relevance, e.g., allergic hypersensitivity,itch, edema, local erythema, and many types of dermatoses [13]. Objective skin symptoms of EHS have been related to theincrease in mast cell counts and their degranulation, thereby causing the release of inflammatory substances such as histamine responsible for allergic hypersensitivity, sensation of itch and pain, edema, local erythema, and many kinds of dermatoses [13]. Influence

Connor Jones Mrs. Penny Hartley October 26, 2017 The Negative Effects of Technology on Children Technology has greatly influenced the way children learn, interact, and how they are entertained. Technology has directly impacted the way children think and feel. It can have both mental and physical effects on the body. There are plenty of positive outcomes with technology, but there are also plenty of negative ones. Technology can effect a person’s physical appearance, personal relationships, the

Composer Ned Rorem once said, “The hardest of all the arts to speak of is music, because music has no meaning to speak of” (Rorem 1). He has a point. What is the meaning of music? It is truly all up to personal interpretation. However, where does that interpretation come from? Generally, music makes everyone feel the same things. Sad music makes people cry. Scary, shrill music gives people goosebumps and makes them jump. However, when looking at individual songs and individual people, it is clear

compulsive shopping and illicit drug addiction. Some of the analogous traits include withdrawal, craving, and impulsive behavior. In a recent study, drug addicts viewed pictures of their dependent substance elevating levels of activity in the ventral striatum; the region of the brain connected to the reward system. Compulsive buyers have the same elevated responses when shown pictures of products. The reward activity can include “immediate relief of stress, anxiety, and depression” (Brook). A compulsive

The action of typing this assignment involves almost all the body systems: the endocrine system, the cardiovascular system, the nervous system (brain, nerves, and spinal cord), the integumentary system, the respiratory system, lymphatic system, digestive system, urinary system, immune system, and the muscular system. The nervous system and the muscular system work together to perform the action, while all the other systems provide the necessary support such as the energy required, the oxygen required