Sulphuric

and is done using either a washing machine or a cement mixer. Next, the the cocaine liquid is extracted, heated and filtered to remove wax from the coca leaves by mixing it with sulphuric acid and then after the separation of the cocaine sulphate, it is mixed with lime or caustic soda. This is done to neutralise the sulphuric

causing the agar to deteriorate faster in the acid. • When the agar blocks are dropped into the beakers the base of the block comes into contact with the bottom of the beaker which reduces the surface area of the block that comes into contact with the sulphuric acid. Systematic error: part of the experiment, predictable, occurs each time you measure Random error: external source causes problems, no way of predicting, will only occur

change in temperature. Therefore it will reduce the chances of recording the results incorrectly. Capillary tube containing concentrated sulphuric acid criteria needed to perform accurate measurements of change in volume: · The amount of liquid mass and air mass must stay constant throughout the experiment. · Sulphuric acid will not evaporate at temperatures used in the experiment (like water might) so no liquid will change to gas, thus invalidating results

Introduction Background Information An enzyme is a biological catalyst. This means that it speeds up the rates of reactions, particularly those that are biological. The enzyme does not get used up in the reactions which it catalyzes. Instead, it remains unchanged such that it can be reused in similar reactions in the future. Like most other components in the body, enzymes are protein in nature. The nature of proteins is that they operate under optimum conditions of temperature, pH and the concentration

gained a positive charge. Stage two Figure 2. Stage 2 of the nitration mechanism The second stage involved a hydrogensulphate ion, HSO4-, which was produced at the same time as the NO2+ ion. This removed a hydrogen from the ring to form sulphuric acid - the catalyst had therefore been regenerated. The electrons which originally joined the hydrogen to the ring were now used to re-establish the delocalised system. Table 1. Observations from the experiment proper Observations: 89 mL conc

room temperature (25°C), esterification reactions are relatively slow, therefore requiring the rate of the chemical reaction to be increased for the products to be formed efficiently. This is implemented, by using a catalyst, such as concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4 (aq)), as well as by heating the mixture: using a heating mantle. As a result, the energy of the reactants can be greater than the activation energy, increasing the rate of reaction. Hence, as the reactants are relatively volatile, so

experiment is to oxidize ethanol and then to test the product to determine whether it has been oxidised to ethanal or oxidised to ethanoic acid. Method We added 6cm³ of water to a pear-shaped flask, then added 2cm³ of concentrated sulphuric acid, and set up the apparatus as shown below, but with a stopper in place of the dropping funnel. We ensured that all the glass joints were greased. [IMAGE] We then had to make up a solution containing 5g of sodium

they undergo an oxidation reaction together that produces an ester as a result, in this case, 1-butyl-ethanoate. After this, the teacher added 1mL of concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) into the pear-shaped flask to be used as a catalyst to increase the rate of reaction between the two reactions, 1-butanol and ethanoic acid. The sulphuric acid acts as a catalyst by lowering the activation energy of the reactants, and therefore, providing an alternative path with a lower energy for the reactants to

Nitrogen (N2). Venus has a high surface temperature of 465oC The latter section discussed the structure and the chemistry of the Venusian atmosphere. Thereupon, it can be recalled that the Venusian atmosphere is composed of dense clouds with sulphuric acid (H2SO4) droplets produced from plenty carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the atmosphere. Scientists examined the Venusian atmosphere and found out that above the clouds the temperature is about 13oC, in contrast, at the surface

Problem: How does the electronegativity of 1.25 mol/L of hydrochloric acid, 1.25 mol/L of sulphuric acid, and 1.25 mol/L of nitric acid, affect the rate at which magnesium will react at room temperature(21°C)? Background: A chemical reaction is the rate at which a substance goes through a change and it is transformed into another substance that has different compositions as well as properties.1 The rate at which a chemical reaction occurs depends on many factors, some of which include the concentration