Superior olivary complex

processing in the auditory system begin at the superior olivary complex (SOC) where bushy cells in the CN target the nuclei of the SOC (Stotler, 1953; Lindsey, 1975). The processing of monaural cues originate from specialized cells in the AVCN and DCN to the lateral lemniscus, or directly to the inferior colliculus (IC) on the contralateral side (Schwartz, 1992). The IC receives almost all ascending fibres as a synaptic station and exhibits more complex response characteristics than the lower brainstem

effect is a result of a central interaction between the signals transduced from the beats and the superior olivary nuclei, which is located inside of the brainstem. The brainstem neurons inside of the superior olivary nuclei then fire action potentials at a rate corresponding to the difference in frequency of the binaural beat (1). It is also important to note that along with the superior olivary complex being most often associated with hearing and the ascending and descending auditory pathways, occasionally

background noise.(4) Binaural interaction is reflected in electrophysiological activity of neurons activated by binaural stimulation central to the cochlear nucleus. Binaural interaction is known to occur at three levels of the brainstem: superior olivary complex (SOC), lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus (IC).(5) Binaural interaction component (BIC) manifests binaural interaction and is valid and proven response which reflects ongoing binaural processing. A BIC in ABR is defined as the difference

The Visual Pathway 1. Light must pass through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitreous humor before reaching the retina. It must then pass through the inner layers of the retina to reach the photoreceptive layer of rods and cones. 2. When the photoreceptors are stimulated they transmit impulses to the bipolar cells that project to the ganglion cells of retina. 3. The axons from the ganglion cells converge at the optic disc to form optic nerve which enters the cranial cavity through the optic

It is a far-field response that reflects stimulus-locked, synchronous neural firing from nuclei along the brainstem.(45) The conventional click generated ABR is a robust response, producing five vertex recorded positive peaks (Waves I–V) usually within 6 to 7 milliseconds after very brief duration (0.1 milliseconds), moderately high intensity click stimulation, at rates of roughly 8 to 24/sec. These waves are the result of abrupt activation of auditory neurons from the cochlea to the inferior colliculus

characteristic behavior. As these children become older, they may spend weeks to months learning about one specific topic. The intelligence range of autistic children varies from profound mental deficiency to superior intelligence. "Idiots savants" is the name referred to autistic persons who have a superior skill in a narrow range of abilities such as calculations or rote verbal memory (Repin, 1991). Although many studies have been done by

Temporal processing relates to the incorporation and integration of diverse acoustic signals over time. The auditory system works to address the spectral and temporal modulations of speech, identification of sound location, speech in noise, and other environmental and auditory stimuli. Temporal processing consists of the ability to sequence, discriminate, integrate, and mask incoming auditory signals (Shinn, 2003). The auditory system recognizes the location and discrimination of sounds through communication

Auditory Processing Disorders, also known as Central Processing Disorders, are difficulties in the processing of auditory information in the central nervous system. The definition for an Auditory Processing Disorder is frequently changing and evolving. According to ASHA standards in 2005, a “central processing disorder refers to difficulties in the perceptual processing of auditory information in the central nervous system and the neurobiological activity that underlies the processing and gives rise

ABSTRACT: The Stapedial or Acoustic Reflex (AR) is the contraction of the stapedius muscle in response to an adequately loud sound. Bilateral reflex pathways are involved in this occurrence. The aim of the study was to compare the test-retest variability on an individual, following a short interval, after the initial test, and also to compare the ARs with pure-tone thresholds. The subject had a normal hearing sensitivity, with bilateral “A” type tympanogram, which indicated normal functioning of

One afternoon in the library, a college student was studying hard for his Hearing Science exam. He removed his earplugs when he overheard a loud conversation behind him. The sound waves traveled around the library and began to swirl around his head. The sound wave, named Sam, became amplified and reflected down towards the student’s left concha. The Outer Ear has many structures that help to guide sound waves into the External Auditory Canal. The concha is the deepest groove and funnels the sound