Therac-25

# P1 - Q26 ###Therac-25 The Therac-25 incident is one of the more difficult to understand. AECL, the company which designed and manufactured Therac-25 is opaque, and gives little to no information on how the software was developed. There is no one incident report, as this took place over two years and 6 unrelated accidents. Many institutions did not even realize the cause patients’ radiation burns and later medical issues until months after. Most of what follows is based on a paper by Nancy Leveson

holes through patients’ bodies. The Therac-25, designed and developed by AECL (Atomic Energy Canadian Limited) was an advanced linear accelerator that could speed up electrons turning them into a high-energy beam that annihilated surface tumours on the skin, or could converted the electrons into x-rays to penetrate tumours deeper within the body. The Therac-25 was the latest and greatest version of the French company’s previous models, the Therac-6 and Therac-20. One million dollars were invested

are the Therac-25 case and the infamous Target hack of 2013. The Therac-25 case will show what happens when a product and its software are not properly constructed, while the Target Hack case will show an example of the misuse of software that lead to millions of credit cards stolen. It is not uncommon for a company to want to shell out their newest and latest machine as quick as possible, but along with this comes the temptations to cut corners and possibly make mistakes. The Therac-25 case is

THERAC 25 What is Therac 25? Where is it used? · The Therac-25 is a dual-mode machine that can generate an electron beam, to cure cancer in patients. Flaws · Studies of the Therac-25 incidents showed that many factors contributed to the injuries and deaths. · The factors include lapses in good safety design, insufficient testing, bugs in the software that controlled the machines, and an inadequate system of reporting and investigating the accidents. Design flaws and bugs:

Student Name: Shane Griffin Student Number: 11309571 Course: EC4 Assignment Title: Ethical Analysis of the Therac-25 system case study Module code: CA491 Lecturer: 
 Renaat Verbruggen Introduction The Therac-25 case was a situation where oversights made by the manufacturers of safety-critical computer systems and basic development defects within these systems caused a huge amount of damage and even fatal harm to users. It is one of the most infamous examples of patients dying

Frame Relay and Leased Lines In networking there are many options in having data transferred from one location to another. Two of which include frame relay and leased lines. Frame relay is a communication method that transfers data by dividing information into packets and sending them over a virtual network. Frame relay is a difficult process to understand and to accomplish. Leased lines, however, is the permanent connection between two stations. Leased lines are simpler to understand and

Part-1 1. What are common carriers, local exchange carriers, and interexchange carriers? A common carrier is a private company that sells or leases communication services and facilities to the public. Common carriers are profit-oriented, and their primary products are services for voice and data transmissions, both over traditional wired circuits as well as cellular services. Common carriers often supply a broad range of computer-based services, such as the manufacturing and marketing

. Unit 3 Kaplan University IT530 Professor Jeffrey Robinson August 20, 2013 Abstract In this discussion we look at some of the history around frame-relay. We then look at some of the equipment necessary to create the frame relay connections, as well as how the connections work both logically and physically. Some limiting factors are discussed as well as committed information rates, burst rates, an error handling. Some of the positive aspects of frame-relay

Introduction Virtual is something that is not real, but can be produced by computer imaging. So when you have a VPN, it is considered to be private interaction with two or more devices. The way that these two or more devices can communicate with one another is through the use of the Internet wish is a public network and not private. So the communication that takes place between two or more devices is virtual but not physical form. Private the meaning of is to keep something hidden like a secret

As discussed in Chapter 3, the connectionless environment (which includes X.25 networks, the public Internet, private IP-based backbones, and LANs) can be likened to the postal service, in which a message is relayed from point to point, with each relay getting one step closer to its ultimate destination. In a connectionless