Tight junction

Background of the Norovirus The most common cause of Gastroenteritis in the United States is triggered by the Norovirus with approximately 21 million cases per year, which contributes to nearly 800 deaths and 71,000-hospitalization annually.1 The virus not only afflict United States Citizens but, persons all over the world. Worldwide Norovirus accounts for 9 to 24% of all sporadic gastroenteritis.2 Norovirus is a very contagious virus that affects people of all ages, sexes, genders, and ethnicities

TSE: Unique Neuroinvasive Pathogens Overview Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), also referred to as prion diseases, are a range of progressive neurodegenerative diseases that affect various mammals, including humans. These diseases are caused by exposure to prions, infectious agents that result from the misfolded form of a glycoprotein found at the surface of cells: PrPc. The abnormal variant (PrPSc) is highly resistant to heat, chemicals and disinfection procedures such as formalin

Anesthesia for Conjoined Twins Conjoined twins are identical twins whose bodies are joined in utero. The occurrence is estimated to range from 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 births, with a somewhat higher occurrence in Southwest Asia and Africa. [1] The condition is more frequently found among females, with a ratio of 3:1. [2] Many are born with abnormalities incompatible with life. The overall survival rate for conjoined twins is approximately 20%. [3] Two contradicting theories exist to explain

Dendritic spines analysis At least eight to ten layer V pyramidal neurons from the visual cortex monocular region were selected from each brain for analysis utilizing light microscopy. Each of these neurons had to have an apical dendrite of at least 80μm long and exhibited full Golgi impregnation represented by a lack of floating spine heads. Each neuron underwent analysis of the apical dendrite, and following regions if present: apical oblique (branch protruding from apical dendrite), first order

1.1 Introduction Nanotechnology, the term derived from the Greek word nano, meaning dwarf, applies the principles of engineering, electronics, physical and material science, and manufacturing at a molecular or submicron level. The materials at nanoscale could be a device or a system or supramolecular structures. Earlier Albert Franks defined it as ‘that area of science and technology where dimensions and tolerances are in the nano range. Nanomaterials are the most promising tool in nanotechnology

1-1 Introduction The advancement of complicated molecular technology to distinguish microorganisms by their 16S rRNA profiles has resulted in renewed attention in the resident microorganisms as a possibile stimulant of immune-mediated inflammatory illnesses. An idea that can be followed back to the 19th century, when Wohlmann and Bannatye proposed the inflammation of joints may result from a Mycobacterium (Yeoh et al. 2013). Evidence indicates that commensal microorganisms are involved in the pathogenesis

vessels create inflammation within the retina. As a result of these inflammatory processes, the retina releases angiogenic factors. Angiogenic factors include the production of new blood vessels within the eye. These new blood vessels don’t have tight junctions and are therefore extremely leaky. If diabetic retinopathy is not treated it can result in severe scarring on the retina which evidently gives reduction in

Choroid Plexus There are 4 sections of the brain where the choroid plexus is present, one located in each brain ventricle. They are all a plexus consisting of specialized ependymal cells, the epithelial layer of the choroid plexus has very tight gap junctions which ensure substances are not crossing the layer of cells into the cerebrospinal fluid. Its primary function is to manufacture cerebrospinal fluid, but it also acts as a filter. It helps to remove metabolic waste, excess neurotransmitters

The Brain and Cranial Nerves One of the most complex and fascinating things in the human body is the brain. The body is "capable of almost everything, but it would not be possible, without the brain receiving information, and analyzing the information." The brain is aware of its surroundings, via input from the spinal cord and cranial nerves. Cranial nerves with sensory functions allow us to smell and see. Nerves with both motor and sensory functions are responsible for everything from tasting

Disneyland is the most magical place in the world. A day at Disney is equal to a lifetime of fun! With all the rides, shops, and shows, which are only to name a few attractions, you are guaranteed to have the time of your life! One day Walt Disney had a dream; it was a dream far beyond anyone’s imagination. It was a place where children and adults could have fun together. The more and more he thought about his idea of a “magical park”, the more imaginative and elaborate it became. He first started