Toluene

Experiment 1: Simple and Fractional Distillation of a Binary Mixture Charles Nyberg Gilbert Immanuel and Rachel Zigelsky Mussie Gide   Introduction Distillation is process that utilizes the differences in boiling points and vapor pressures of different components of mixtures. When a substance is heated to a specific temperature, it begins to boil and vaporize. Distillation allows for the mixture to be separated by initially becoming gas and then condensing back to a liquid in a separate vial. Dalton’s

which have two different boiling points, using simple distillation. Then be able to calculate the density of the two samples after the distillation process to determine the success of the distillation process. III. Materials: 25 mL Hexane and Toluene in 1 to 1 ratio 10-mL Graduated Cylinder 50-mL round bottom flask Heating Mantle Plate Round Bottom Glass with Sand Still Head (3 Way Adapter) Condenser Vacuum Adapter Thermometer Rubber Thermometer Adapter Ring Stand Ring Stand to Apparatus Clamp

were Acetone (low boiling point) and Toluene (high boiling point). Any deviation in temperature may have resulted from a thermometer placed too high in the fractional column. The gas chromatography portion of the experiment produced three chromatograms with no apparent impurities. However, fraction A was found to not be purely composed of Acetone, and fraction B was not found to be a 50/50 mixture of Acetone and Toluene, yet, fraction C was found to be pure Toluene. Therefore, the calculated ratio for

that the more stable radical will have a smaller rate determining step and the transition state will resemble the products more so, thus indicating why it can be considered more stable. The actual order observed was methylcyclohexane> ethylbenzene > toluene > tert-butylbenzene ~ cyclohexane. This was not the predicted order as methylcyclohexane should have reacted third fastest instead of reacting first as observed, however, excluding the error of methylcyclohexane the rest of the prediction seem to

remains in the solution with insufficient vaporization energy. Boiling point of a liquid can be impacted in many cases by intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonding or dipole-dipole interactions, but in this instance cyclohexane (bp: 81°C) and toluene (bp: 111°C) only experience dispersion forces with no distinct differences other than their molecular weights.2 The boiling point is signified by the vapor pressure equaling the

Jaynil Patel Lab Partners: Meghan Harbaugh and Chaimae Oualid TA: Prabani Dissanayake Title: Simple and Fractional Distillation of a Binary Mixture Introduction: Cyclohexane and Toluene are the two organic molecules that will go through the purification process. Both compounds are “colorless, flammable liquids, that dissolves with water” (Environmental protection Agency). The lab required using distillation, which is a process of separating liquids by cooling, heating, and condensing the

volatile liquids occupying different boiling points into their independent components. The experimental approach of this experiment was to utilize a fractional distillation apparatus in separating a certain amount of a 3:2 mixture of cyclohexane and toluene into three fractions of distillates, and then analyzing the retention time of the samples through the separation of the components in an oven containing helium gas via gas chromatography for verification. Distillation is a wide-range laboratory technique

low-lying areas. Where is benzene found? Benzene is formed as a result of human effort and naturally created. Benzene is present within crude oil. Four chemical processes contribute to industrial benzene production: catalytic reforming, toluene hydrodealkylation, toluene disproportionation, and Crude cracking. Formally, benzene was produced almost wholly from coal tar. Since the early 1950s, this has been replaced by a petroleum-based processes.   Cracking Crude

CH 220 Lab Report 1: Fractional Distillation of a Binary Mixture and Gas Chromatography This experiment was done in order to understand both fractional distillations and gas chromatography. In addition, this experiment was done to separate and identify two liquids that made up an unknown mixture. Gas chromatography was used to figure out the ratio of these two liquids. In this experiment, distillations were done. This is a technique that utilizes the differing boiling points of two or more compounds

2015 Introduction Gas chromatography is a common separation technique used in analytical chemistry to separate, identify and quantify the compounds present is a sample (Harris, 2010). The purpose of this experiment is to analyze a sample of TEX (toluene, ethyl benzene, and o-xylene) and identify the peaks from the resulting chromatogram. Another objective is to familiarize students with the instrumentation and theory behind the technique and compare isothermal and temperature-programmed runs. There