Tubulin

between TubZ and the rest of the Tubulin family play in the function of TubZ in plasmids and bacteriophages? Introduction - Before examining the structural differences between TubZ and the rest of the Tubulin family, it will be necessary to give background on both. Specifically, what Tubulin is and the common characteristics of the Tubulin family, Tubulin’s role in the cell, what TubZ is, what it’s role is, and what similarities it shares with other members of the Tubulin family. A general layout of

All eukaryotic cells have microtubules, which are hollow rods assembled from a globular protein called tubulin. Microtubules grow in length by adding tubulin dimers. Those dimers can also be disassembled, which would allow the tubulin to build microtubules elsewhere in the cell. The two opposite ends of of a microtubule are actually pretty unique. One end can can accumulate or release tubulin dimers at a much higher rate which allows it to grow or shrink during cellular activities (Campbell, pg

evaluation in humans. Until the recognition of the tubulin-polymerizing activity of epothilones in 1995, the capacity for microtubule stabilization appeared to be associated solely with taxol-like structures, but the last decade has witnessed the discovery of a number of new and structurally diverse microtubule stabilizing agents, which do not bear any structural resemblance with taxol. These compounds are all characterized by the ability to induce tubulin polymerization in vitro and their gross cellular

Introduction: In an immense variation of ways, farmers grow their crops and keep them healthy and ready for distribution. The need for a greater variety of healthy and resistant crop is consistently rising as populations continue to increase around the world. Yet, agricultural food scientists have manipulated the DNA structure of countless foods. One main concern for consumers is the use of GMOs, genetically engineered crops. However, GMOs are very hard to find when manufacturers claim to not have

composed of α (-) and β (+) tubulin heterodimers that are arranged in a polar longitudinal rows called protofilaments, and then further organized into a circular 13 protofilament arrangement (Valiron et al, 2001). Microtubules are assembled at the microtubule organizing center (MTOC), which consist of centrosomes surrounded by pericentriolar material (PCM) in animal cells. Nucleation, which is the initiation of microtubules, occurs at the MTOC and consists of 13 gamma-tubulin subunits forming an open

One of the types of tubulin is acetylated tubulin, and are located on stable microtubules. The stability of an acetylated protein allows the protein to become a marker for macromolecule and organelle transportation in neurons(2). It was hypothesized that the zebrafish brain would have a higher concentration of acetylated tubulin than in the zebrafish eye. Methods Protein Extraction Tubes containing zebrafish brain or eye

cells and tissues instead of cell motility. Tubulin proteins have a cylindrical shape, comprising alpha and beta subunits polymerized into microtubules.

Introduction: GMO, genetically modified organisms, are organisms that are used for food sources and are manipulated by biotechnology, most often by gene transfer (Ahmed, 2002). Most agricultural food sources such as fruits, vegetables, or any other mass-produced crops are known examples of GMO (Owens, 2000). Many question the ethics or reasoning behind the production of GMOs due to its interference with naturally bound events but biotechnological gene transfer is vastly beneficial because it leads

on two newly discovered substrates, CEP4 and α6-tubulin. We set out to characterize the role of these PKCα substrates in the invasive phenotype of an aggressive metastatic mammary carcinoma cell line LM2-4175. We hypothesized that phosphorylation-resistant mutants of CEP4 and α6-tubulin would decrease the invasive phenotype. To test this, we transiently transfected LM2-4175 cells with either wild type or phosphorylation-resistant CEP4 or α6-tubulin and studied their migratory efficiency in transwells

exposure of BPA and reduced neurogenesis. NSCs culture were knockdown by Wnt3a siRNA followed by presence and absence of BPA treatment. We found that number of β-tubulin+ cells decreased in Wnt3a siRNA knockdown group and BPA treatment further reduced the number of β-tubulin+ cells (Figure 10A-B). NSCs differentiation was assessed by β-tubulin+ cells. Next, immunoblot analysis revealed that Wnt3a knockdown and BPA treatment to NSCs caused significantly down regulation of p-GSK-3αβ/GSK-3αβ ratio and thus