Turbo code

The first turbo code, based on convolutional encoding, was introduced in 1993 by Berrou etal. Since then, several schemes have been proposed and the term “turbo codes” has been generalized to cover block codes as well as convolutional codes. Simply put, a turbo code is formed from the parallel concatenation of two codes separated by an interleaver. The turbo principle is a general way of processing data in receivers so that no information is wasted. This technique corresponds to an iterative exchange

which include repetition code to enhance the wireless link performance with simplicity. Symbol error rate (SER) performance is evaluated using binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and 16-qardature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) over generalized-K fading channel. This channel model considers Nakagami-m distribution to define multipath and gamma distribution to represent shadowing. Simulation results demonstrate that improved system performance can be achieved using repetition code in severely faded environment

In this section we will present another kind ot attack, as we have seen before. In this it is not only about replaying signals or features, it is about changing the payload of a captured signal, without destroying the fingerprint of the signal. So this is a more powerful attack then the attacks before. The attack was presented again by Edman and Yener in [4]. It is again segmented in three steps: 1. Determine the corrected center frequency offset 2. Derive the observed PSK constellation 3. Transmit

As with the improvement of cameras that produce high quality videos and images, storage needed to store the videos is became a big issue especially for the film makers that have huge video files to store. Thus we need a mechanism that make the videos compact so that they efficiently store on the hard drives and other storage devices. Here comes the compression techniques that makes it possible to remove the redundancy from bit stream of video files so they take less place to be stored. Transmission

survey on LDPC block codes and algorithm for LDPC decoder which gives a high throughput, better bit error rate performance with low clock frequency. R G Gallager [1] in his paper, the overview of low density parity check codes are presented. The parity check matrix specifies these codes, which consists of few entries of non-zero elements. The number of non-zero elements in row should be greater than the number of non-zero elements in column. The typical minimum distance of these codes are directly proportional

rate codes correspond to a more energy efficient system, meaning that they are able to correct more errors thus concluding to higher data rate transmission, they have to use larger bandwidths as well as they seem to be significantly complicated to decode, due to the large size of codewords they have to use. Shannon proved that data could be transmitted through a channel with speeds closing the channel’s capacity, with no transmission errors and low transmitting power by using the right code (Shannon

The article “The Importance of Medical Coding as it Applies to Big Data Trends in Healthcare” talked about the importance of medical coding in relation to hospital’s data systems. Medical coding is a numerical process that brings diagnoses and healthcare systems together. It allows hospitals, physician offices and clinics to share patient information via big data trends. The article stressed that having access to medical trends from many sources is a valuable tool for healthcare facilities. Medical

included in the code and is important in diagnosis coding. Mrs. Pavey mention we can't code impending or threatened instead code the signs and symptoms. In order to prove medical necessity and get reimbursement I will say both are important. I think all topics are relevant to learn coding. We need to learn it all if we are going to be coding. Example of level of specificity Diagnosis: RUQ abdominal pain Index: Pain, abdominal Tabular: 789.0 Abdominal pain[subcategory code] 789.01 Right

I think transitioning over to ICD-10-CM will make coding easier by being more specific with the descriptions. I think that the biggest challenge is going to be just learning the different sections of the ICD-10-CM. Some other challenges may include training in ICD-10-CM, the cost of the transition, and maintaining two coding systems because some private insurance like workman compensation insurance are not required to switch over to ICD-10-CM. I believe that we have had ICD-9 since 1979 with updates

accepted set of codes for diagnoses and procedures/interventions important? In the prior weeks, I had noted that many health care professionals utilize many different methods of practice, as well as implement a certain something to each of the medical cases that reflects that clinician’s style. No matter the endless routes to get to a diagnosis or the many diverse recommendations of treatment for that diagnosis, codes are the same. The medical field having a universal set of codes for diagnoses and